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AP Psych Vocab > Unit 0 Terms Part 2 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Terms Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Qualitative data

A

Information not expressed numerically, such as descriptions of behavior, thoughts, attitudes, and experiences.

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2
Q

Debriefing

A

The post experimental explanation of study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

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3
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

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4
Q

Mean

A

The average of a distribution

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5
Q

Percentile rank

A

The percentage of score that are lower than a given score

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6
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Approach that views human behavior from the standpoint of unconscious motives that mold the personality, influence attitudes, and produce emotional disorder. Emphasis on tracing behavior to its origins

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7
Q

Behavioral approach

A

Focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development

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8
Q

Cognitive approach

A

uses experimental research methods to study internal mental processes such as attention, perception, memory, and decision-making

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9
Q

Biological psychology

A

The scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

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9
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Assumption that people are essentially good and constructive, self-actualization is inherent, and humans will develop to their maximum potential in the proper environment

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10
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the minds, using principles of natural selection

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11
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Any viewpoint or approach to health, mental health, history, politics, economics, or any other area of human experience that emphasize the environmental factors of society, culture, and social interaction

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12
Q

Biopsychological approach

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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13
Q

Social-cognitive approach

A

Theory that describes how people learn behaviors and interact with their environment by observing other and choosing behaviors to imitate

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14
Q

W.E.I.R.D. cultures

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized Rich and Democratic
Aims to raise people’s consciousness about psychological differences and to emphasize that WEIRD people are but one unusual slice of humanity’s cultural diversity

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15
Q

Experimental control

A

Regulation of all extraneous conditions and variables in an experiment

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16
Q

Positive (direct) correlation

A

Relationship between two variables in which both rise and fall together. For example, one would expect to find a positive correlation between study hours and test performances.

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17
Q

Representative sampling

A

The selection of study units from a larger group in an unbiased way, so the sample accurately reflects the total population.

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18
Q

Convenience sampling

A

Process for selecting a sample of individuals that is neither random nor systematic but governed by chance or ready availability.

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19
Q

Sampling

A

Process of selecting for study a limited number of units from a larger set

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20
Q

Generalizability

A

The extent to which results or findings obtained are applicable to a broader population

21
Q

Placebo

A

A pharmacologically inert substance (sugar pill) that is often administered as a control in testing new drugs

22
Q

Variance

A

A measure of the spread, or dispersion, of scores within a sample or population, whereby a small variance indicates highly similar scores, all close to the sample mean, and vice versa

23
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues that may influence or bias participant’s behaviors

24
Q

Structured interview

A

Method for gathering information, used in surveys and personnel selection, in which questions and the wording are determined in advance

25
Q

Likert scale

A

A type of attitude measured that consists of statements reflecting a strong positive or negative evaluation of an object. Commonly a 5-point scale

26
Q

Deception

A

any distorting of or withholding of fact with purpose of misleading others

27
Q

Split-half reliability

A

Measure of the internal consistency of surveys, psychological tests, questionnaires, and other instruments or techniques that assess participant responses on particular structures

28
Q

Retest reliability

A

Measure of the consistency of results on a test or other assessment instrument over time, given as the correlation of score between the first and second administrations.

29
Q

Alternate-forms reliability

A

Measure of the consistency and freedom from error of a test, as indicated by a correlation coefficient obtained from responses to two or more alternate forms of the test

30
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Extent to which independent evaluators produce similar ratings in judging the same abilities or characteristics in the same target person or object

31
Q

Construct validity

A

How much a test measures a concept or trait

32
Q

Predictive validity

A

The success with which a test predicts the behaviors it is designed to predict; assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

33
Q

Face validity

A

The apparent soundness of a test or measure

34
Q

Content validity

A

Extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

35
Q

Frequency distribution

A

A tabular representation of the number of times a specific value or datum point occurs. Left column lists different categories of a categorical variable or scores, the right list the number of occurrences for each

36
Q

Negative (inverse) correlation

A

Relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases.

37
Q

Directionality problem

A

The situation in which is it known that two variables are related although it is not known which is the cause and which is the effect

38
Q

Third-variable problem

A

The fact that an observed correlation between two variables may be due to the common correlation between each of the variables and a third variable rather than any underlying relationship of the two variables with each other

39
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

Committee named by an agency to review research proposals originating within that agency for ethical acceptability and compliance with the organization’s codes of conduct

40
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

A

Committee responsible for overseeing an institute’s program and research protocols involving nonhuman animals. Ensures human treatment towards animals

41
Q

Informed assent

A

Process where minors agree to participate without being able to legally give consent; typically given by an adult

42
Q

Confederate

A

In an experiment, an aide of the experimenter who poses as a participant but whose behavior is rehearsed prior to the experiment

43
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

44
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research that follows and retests the same people over time

45
Q

Positive (right) skew

A

The few extreme scores towards the high end of the distribution

46
Q

Negative (left) skew

A

The few extreme scores towards the low end of the distribution

47
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

A set of score with two peaks or modes around which values tend to cluster, so frequencies first increase then decrease around each peak

48
Q

Spurious correlation

A

A situation in which variables are associated through their common relationship with one or more other variables but do not have a causal relationship with one another.

49
Q

R-values

A

Statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

50
Q

P-values

A

(Probability Value) The likelihood that the observed result would have been obtained if the null hypothesis of no real effect were true

AP Psych Vocab (2 decks)

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