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AP Psych Vocab > Unit 0 Terms > Flashcards

Unit 0 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

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2
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
(“I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon”)

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3
Q

Peer reviewers

A

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

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4
Q

False-consensus effect

A

Tendency to assume that one’s own opinions, beliefs, attributes, or behaviors are more widely shared than is actually the case

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5
Q

Confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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6
Q

Falsifiable hypothesis

A

The possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment

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7
Q

Operational definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. How you are quantifiably measuring the variable.

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8
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

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9
Q

Case study

A

A non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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10
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

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11
Q

Z- scores

A

The standardized score that results from applying a z-score transformation to raw data

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12
Q

Social desirability bias

A

Bias from people’s responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

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13
Q

Variable

A

Anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

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14
Q

Scatterplot

A

A graphed cluster of dots, each which represents the values of two variables. Slope suggests the direction of the relationship between two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of correlation. (Little scatter indicates high correlation)

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15
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship.

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16
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

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17
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

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18
Q

Experimental group

A

The group exposed to the treatment

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19
Q

Random assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

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20
Q

Control group

A

The group not exposed to the treatment

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21
Q

Single blind procedure

A

Procedure in which participants are unaware of the experimental conditions under which they are operating

22
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Procedure in which both participants and the experimenters interacting with them are unaware of the particular experimental conditions

23
Q

Placebo effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

24
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is manipulated

24
Q

Random sample

A

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

24
Q

Self-report bias

A

Bias when people report their behaviors inaccurately

25
Q

Sampling bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

25
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

26
Q

Correlation(al)

A

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

27
Q

Informed consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

28
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measure of central tendency and measures of variation

29
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring scores

30
Q

Median

A

The middle score in distribution

31
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores

32
Q

Standard deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

33
Q

Normal curve

A

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer score lie near the extremes

34
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

35
Q

Meta analysis

A

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

36
Q

Statistical significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied

37
Q

Effect size

A

The strengths of the relationship between two variables. The larger the effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other

38
Q

Quasi-experimental research

A

Research in which the investigator cannot randomly assign units of participants to conditions, cannot generally control or manipulate the independent variable, and cannot limit the influence of extraneous variables. Also called nonexperimental research

39
Q

Testability

A

The degree to which a hypothesis or theory is capable of being evaluated empirically

40
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A statement that a study will find no meaningful differences between the groups or conditions under investigation, such that there is no relationship among the variables of interest and that any variation in observed data is the result of chance or random processes.

41
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the population of interest, selected for study with the aim of making inferences to the population

42
Q

Random selection

A

A procedure for random sampling of a set of participants or units from a larger set that relies on the use of a chance process to minimize risk of researcher bias, either conscious or nonconscious

43
Q

Confounding variable

A

In an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results

44
Q

Experimenter bias

A

Bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs

45
Q

Dependent variable

A

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

46
Q

Non experimental

A

Research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable

47
Q

Quantitative data

A

Quantifiable, numerical data

AP Psych Vocab (2 decks)

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