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IB SL Sport Exercise Health Science I > Unit 5: Movement Analysis > Flashcards

Unit 5: Movement Analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

Synovial Joint (2)

A
  • most common joint
  • where space between bones allows substantial movement
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2
Q

What movements can the synovial joint make? (8)

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • medial rotation
  • lateral rotation
  • elevation
  • depression
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3
Q

Flexion

A

decreases the angle between body parts

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4
Q

Extension

A

increases angles between body parts

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5
Q

Abduction

A

away from midline

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6
Q

Adduction

A

towards midline

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7
Q

medial rotation

A

rotational movement towards midline

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8
Q

lateral rotation

A

rotation movement away from midline

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9
Q

elevation

A

superior movement

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10
Q

depression

A

inferior movement

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11
Q

What synovial joint movements are possible in the joints of the feet? (4)

A
  • eversion
  • inversion
  • dorsi flexion
  • plantar flexion
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12
Q

eversion

A

medial rotation of ankle joint

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13
Q

inversion

A

lateral rotation of the ankle joint

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14
Q

dorsi flexion

A

flexion at ankle, so the foot point more superiorly

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15
Q

plantar flexion

A

extension at the ankle, so the foot points inferiorly

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16
Q

What synovial joint movements are possible in the radioulnar joint? (2)

A
  • pronation
  • supination
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17
Q

Pronation

A

medial rotation of the radioulnar joint so palm is upward

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18
Q

Supination

A

lateral rotation of radioulnar joint so palm is downward

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19
Q

What are some combinations of movement? (3)

A
  • circumduction
  • pronation of foot
  • supination of foot
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20
Q

Circumduction

A

circling at joint that combines hyperextension, abduction, extension, and adduction

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21
Q

Where does circumduction occur? (5)

A
  • shoulder
  • hip
  • wrist
  • ankle
  • thumb
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22
Q

Pronation of the Foot

A

combines dorsi flexion, eversion, and abduction

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23
Q

Supination of Foot

A

combines inversion and adduction

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • Type I
  • Type IIa
  • Type IIb
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25
Q

What is the contraction speed of a type I muscle fiber?

A

slow

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26
Q

What is the muscle force of a type I muscle fiber?

A

small

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27
Q

What is the fatigue resistance of a type I muscle fiber?

A

high

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28
Q

What is the glycogen content of a type I muscle fiber?

A

low

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29
Q

What is the mitochondrial density of a type I muscle fiber?

A

high

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30
Q

What is the color of a type I muscle fiber?

A

red

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31
Q

What is the primary function of type I muscle fiber?

A

endurance

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32
Q

What is the contraction speed of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

fast

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33
Q

What is the muscle force of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

large

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34
Q

What is the fatigue resistance of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

low

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35
Q

What is the glycogen content of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

high

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36
Q

What is the mitochondrial density of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

low

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37
Q

What is the color of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

white

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38
Q

What is the primary function of a type II a muscle fiber?

A

increased intensity

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39
Q

What is the contraction speed of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

fastest

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40
Q

What is the muscle force of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

largest

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41
Q

What is the fatigue resistance of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

lowest

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42
Q

What is the glycogen content of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

high

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43
Q

What is the mitochondrial density of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

lowest

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44
Q

What is the color of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

white

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45
Q

What is the primary function of a type II b muscle fiber?

A

increased intensity

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of slow and fast twitch muscle fibers? (7)

A
  • contraction speed
  • muscle forces
  • fatigue resistance
  • glycogen
  • mitochondria
  • color
  • primary function
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47
Q

What do fiber types play a role in determining and how so? (2)

A
  • athletic abilities
  • they are genetically pre-determined
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48
Q

Isotonic Contractions

A

muscle length change and causes movement of body

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49
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A
  • concentric
  • eccentric
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50
Q

Concentric

A

muscle shortens while developing tension

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51
Q

Eccentric (2)

A
  • muscle lengthens while developing tension
  • most efficient method to build muscle
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52
Q

Isometric Contractions (2)

A
  • muscle length remains constant with no joint movement
  • muscle force balances resistance which results in no joint movement
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53
Q

Isokinetic Contractions (3)

A
  • muscle contracts so body segment to which it is attaches moves at a constant speed around the joint
  • used in physical therapy setting
  • required specialized equipment
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54
Q

What produces the most DOMS?

A

eccentric contractions

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55
Q

DOMS (3)

A
  • soreness that peaks 24-28 hours after exercise
  • causes inflammation, stiffness, and pain
  • negatively affects performance
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56
Q

What causes the feeling of soreness from DOMS? (3)

A
  • microscopic tears of muscle
  • overstretching of muscle
  • muscle spasms
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57
Q

What are the roles of muscles in joint movement? (2)

A
  • agonist
  • antagonist
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58
Q

Agonist

A

muscles that provides the major force to complete the movement

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59
Q

Antagonist

A

muscles that oppose the agonist by relaxing or lengthening by eccentric contraction

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60
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition (2)

A
  • when an agonist muscle contracts, the agonist muscle relaxes
  • an automatic action controlled by neurons
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61
Q

What does reciprocal inhibition ensure?

A

the agonist is not being opposed by a muscle acting in the opposite direction of motion

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62
Q

What are examples of reciprocal inhibition? (2)

A
  • bicep curl
  • bending of knee
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63
Q

How is reciprocal inhibition involved in the upward phase of a bicep curl? (2)

A
  • agonist: biceps brachii cocentrically contracts
  • antagonist: triceps brachii relaxes
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64
Q

How is reciprocal inhibition involved in the downward phase of a bicep curl? (2)

A
  • agonist: biceps brachii eccentrically contracts
  • antagonist: triceps brachii is still relaxed
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65
Q

How is reciprocal inhibition involved in flexion at the knee? (2)

A
  • agonist: hamstring group
  • antagonist: quadriceps
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66
Q

How is reciprocal inhibition involved in extension at the knee? (2)

A
  • agonist: quadriceps
  • antagonist: hamstring
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67
Q

How do the muscles control movement?

A

by moving bones and joints

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68
Q

How does brain control movement?

A

through nerves

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69
Q

Nerves

A

run from the brain through the spinal cord to the muscle

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70
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord where most sensing and muscle control takes place

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71
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

nerve cells extending from spinal column to limbs and other parts of the body

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72
Q

neuron

A

electrically excitable cells of the nervous system

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73
Q

motor neurons

A

carry information from CNS to muscles signaling contraction or relaxation

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74
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry signals to CNS from receptors throughout body

75
Q

What are the structures in a neuron? (4)

A
  • dendrites
  • cell body
  • axon
  • myelin
76
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information from other neurons

77
Q

Cell Body

A

cell’s support center that makes proteins and contains nucleus with DNA

78
Q

Axon

A

relays electrical signal from cell body to muscle using myelin

79
Q

Myelin

A

protein that helps conduct electrical signal down axon

80
Q

How does a signal move through a neuron?

A

dendrites –> cell body –> axon

81
Q

How does the brain communicate with muscle?

A

motor unit

82
Q

Motor Unit

A

single motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates

83
Q

What are the structures of a motor unit? (2)

A
  • motor end plate
  • synapse
84
Q

Motor End Plate

A

where branches of motor neuron axon synapse with target muscle cell

85
Q

Synapse (2)

A
  • gap between neuron and muscle fiber
  • electrical nerve signal must cross synapse to stimulate the muscle
86
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (3)

A
  • where a motor neuron and muscle cell meet
  • no direct contact across the synapse
  • site of chemical communication
87
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemicals that transmit signals across gap/synapse between motor neurons and muscle

88
Q

What is an example of a neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

89
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction

90
Q

What is the process of releasing acetylcholine from the brain to the muscle? (6)

A
  1. made in ends of the motor neuron axon and stored in vesicles
  2. transmits signal from nerve to muscle across synapse
  3. Diffuses across synaptic
  4. Binds with receptors at motor end plate and stimulates calcium release
  5. Spreads impulse over whole muscle fiber
  6. Broken down by enzyme cholinesterase to end muscle contraction
91
Q

Myofibril

A

Contractile fibers that extend length the striated muscle fibers

92
Q

Sarcomere

A

Smallest contractile units of myofibril made of actin and myosin

93
Q

Actin

A

Thin, contractile protein that slides past myosin causing contraction

94
Q

Myosin

A

Thick contractile, protein with protrusions called myosin heads

95
Q

What are the structures within skeletal muscle cells? (7)

A
  • myofibril
  • sarcomere
  • actin
  • myosin
  • Z line
  • H zone
  • A band
96
Q

Z Line

A

separate sarcomeres and attaches actin

97
Q

H Zone (2)

A
  • center of sarcomere that shorten during contraction
  • only myosin
98
Q

A Band (2)

A
  • length of myosin filament where actin and myosin interact
  • same length during contraction
99
Q

What happens to the sarcomere length during contraction? (2)

A
  • sarcomere shortens
  • Z lines closer
100
Q

What happens to sarcomere length during relaxation? (2)

A
  • sarcomere lengthens
  • Z lines further apart
101
Q

What happens to stimulate muscle contraction? (4)

A
  1. acetylcholine binds to muscle receptors
  2. an electric signal passes inside the muscle through T-tubules
  3. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions
  4. Ca2+ bind to troponin
102
Q

What are the steps of skeletal muscle contraction? (5)

A
  1. ATP binds myosin head and it detaches from actin binding site
  2. ATP is broken down to recock myosin to new position
  3. Myosin forms cross-bridge with actin
  4. ADP + P are released and myosin head drags along (power stroke)
  5. Repeated power strokes will happen if Ca 2+ is present
103
Q

What is the role of ATP in Skeletal Muscle Contraction? (4)

A
  • present at myosin head
  • only source of energy for muscle contraction
  • broken down to ADP and loss of P initiates power stroke
  • reusable
104
Q

What is needed to stop muscle contraction? (2)

A
  • Ca 2+ is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Cholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft allowing muscle relaxation
105
Q

Biomechanics

A

examines forces caused by body (muscles) and those that act on body (gravity and other athletes) to affect body’s motion

106
Q

What are the two areas of biomechanics?

A
  • kinematics
  • kinetics
107
Q

Kinematics

A

dealing with motion of bodies and objects

108
Q

Kinetics

A

dealing with force of bodies/objects

109
Q

Scalar

A

measurement that only has size

110
Q

Vector

A

measurement that has both size and direction

111
Q

Position

A

location of object is given by its coordinates

112
Q

Displacement (2)

A
  • change in position from original
  • has size (how far) and direction (vector)
113
Q

Distance (2)

A
  • amount traveled
  • size & no direction
114
Q

Velocity (3)

A
  • displacement/time
  • has size and direction vector
  • can be linear or angular
115
Q

What is the unit for displacement?

A

meters

116
Q

What is the unit for velocity?

A

meters per second

117
Q

Speed (2)

A
  • distance/time
  • size and no direction
118
Q

What does the slope reveal in distance v time graphs?

A

the speed

119
Q

Acceleration (3)

A
  • change in velocity/time
  • size and direction vector
  • change in speed, direction, or both
120
Q

What is the unit for acceleration?

A

meters per second per second

121
Q

What does the slope reveal in velocity v. time graphs?

A

the acceleration

122
Q

Force (2)

A
  • push/pull that tries to change the motion of an object
  • can involve contact or act at distance
123
Q

Gravity

A

force that attracts body toward center of earth or toward other physical body with mass

124
Q

What is another name for Newton’s 1st Law?

A

law of inertia

125
Q

What does Newton’s 1st Law mean?

A

objects stay where they are or keep moving unless acted on by a force

126
Q

What is the formula for Newton’s 2nd Law?

A

F = ma

127
Q

What does Newton’s 2nd Law mean?

A

object’s acceleration is directly proportional to the size of the force producing it and inversely proportional to object’s mass

128
Q

What is an example of Newton’s 2nd Law of motion?

A

heavier object will accelerate less for the same force. To accelerate heavy objects, a large force is needed

129
Q

What is another name for Newton’s 3rd Law?

A

law of reaction

130
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

131
Q

What are important aspects to consider about Newton’s 3rd Law? (2)

A
  • forces on object are same size, regardless of the masses of objects
  • forces happen at exactly same time
132
Q

Levers

A
  • simple machine used to provide a mechanical advantage
  • allow small force to move big weight)
133
Q

What is the mechanical advantage formula?

A

length of the effort arm divided by load arm

134
Q

What in the body can be described as levers?

A

movement of bones at joints using muscles

135
Q

What does a lever consist of? (4)

A
  • rod
  • fulcrum
  • load
  • effort
136
Q

What is the equivalent to a rod in our body?

A

bone

137
Q

What is the equivalent to a fulcrum in our body?

A

joint

138
Q

What is the equivalent to a load in our body?

A

body weight

139
Q

What is the equivalent to an effort force in our body?

A

muscle force

140
Q

First Class Lever

A

effort & load on opposite sides of fulcrum

141
Q

Second Class Lever

A

effort & load on same side of fulcrum with load closer to fulcrum

142
Q

What is the benefit of a second class lever?

A

↓ effort lift ↑ weight

143
Q

Third Class Lever

A

effort and load on same side of fulcrum with effort closer to fulcrum

144
Q

What is the benefit of a third class lever?

A

↑ range motion & speed

145
Q

What is an example of a first class lever in the body?

A

muscles of neck provide effort to lift head (load)

146
Q

What is an example of a second class lever in the body?

A

calf muscles provide effort to lift body (load) when standing on the toes

147
Q

What is an example of a third class lever in the body?

A

biceps brachii
provides effort at
elbow joint to hold
weight at hand

148
Q

Torque

A

force applied to object that causes it to rotate

149
Q

What does the size of torque depend on? (3)

A
  • size of the force
  • direction of the force
  • how far the force is applied from axis of rotation
150
Q

What does torque from muscles cause?

A

bones to rotate around joints

151
Q

Center of Mass (2)

A
  • point around which mass of a body is evenly distributed
  • isn’t always within body
152
Q

What does center of mass depend on?

A

distribution, density and shape of material in the body

153
Q

Why is center of mass important? (3)

A
  1. It determines stability of static positions
  2. It’s the axis for airborne rotations
  3. It’s the reference point for whole body translation.
154
Q

What is an example of center of mass in sport?

A

Fosbury Flop

155
Q

Fosbury Flop (2)

A
  • athlete bends their body like a banana around the bar and their center of mass is below and outside body
  • jumper using Fosbury technique will not have to raise their center of mass as high
156
Q

Momentum

A

measure of mass in motion

157
Q

What is the formula for momentum?

A

p=mv

158
Q

What happens to momentum during collision?

A
  • total momentum of 2 objects is conserved
  • momentum lost by object 1 = momentum gained by object 2
159
Q

What must happen for an object’s momentum to change?

A

a force must be applied over a period of time

160
Q

Impulse

A

force multiplied by the time it acts for J = Ft

161
Q

Angular momentum (2)

A
  • measure of amount of rotation
  • once generated, it stays constant
162
Q

What is the formula for angular momentum?

A

L = moment of inertia x angular velocity

163
Q

Moment of Inertia

A

difficulty in rotating object

164
Q

What influences moment of inertia? (3)

A
  • object’s mass and its distribution around axis of rotation
  • mass further away from axis = ↑ moment of inertia (difficult to rotate)
  • mass near axis = easier to rotate
165
Q

What is angular momentum important for?

A

creating rotation

166
Q

What is an example of angular momentum in gymnastics?

A

A gymnast “tucks” to rotate faster (↓MI & ↑ AV) and “opens out” to decrease rotation (↑MI and ↓ AV) to land

167
Q

What is an example of angular momentum in sprinting? (4)

A
  • moment of inertia is larger when leg is extended and smaller when leg is bent
  • smaller moment of inertia with bent knee = easier to move & higher angular velocity
  • recovery time is shorter & runner can take next
    stride quickly/more strides per time
  • angular velocity is reduced as the runner extends knee
168
Q

Projectile

A

object thrown/dropped into air and acted on by only forces of gravity, air resistance and lift.

169
Q

Projectile motion

A

The propelling force
starts its motion

170
Q

What are factors that determine range of projectile? (3)

A
  • speed
  • projection angle
  • projection height
171
Q

How does speed determine the range of a projectile?

A

small increase in projection speed will drastically increase range

172
Q

How does projection angle determine the range of a projectile?

A

more important for height of flight and accuracy

173
Q

How does projection height determine the range of a projectile?

A

maximizes range of values possible for projection speed & angle

174
Q

What does the optimum projection angle depend on?

A

projection height

175
Q

When should the projection angle be below 45º?

A

with increased projectile landing area (shot-put)

176
Q

When should the projection angle be above 45º?

A

with decreased projectile landing area (free throw)

177
Q

When should projectile landing area be 45º?

A

when projectile release height is equal to landing height

178
Q

Drag (3)

A
  • force in direction opposite to object’s motion
  • ↑ drag at ↑ speeds
  • due to molecules of substance resisting motion
179
Q

Surface drag

A

interaction between object surface & molecules resisting motion

180
Q

Form drag

A

caused by shape of object

181
Q

Bernoulli Principle

A

pressure exerted by air/water reduces as its velocity increases

182
Q

How does the Bernoulli Principle apply to ball movement? (3)

A
  • When an object is rotating through the air (spinning ball), the air is dragged around by rotation of the ball.
  • This increases air velocity on one side (↓ pressure) & decreases velocity on other side (↑ pressure).
  • The ball will move towards the low pressure region
183
Q

How does the Bernoulli Principle apply to topspin in tennis?

A

spin is in the same direction as the movement of air particles at the bottom of the ball, this increases velocity at the bottom of the ball ( ↓ pressure)

184
Q

Topspin in tennis

A

hit the ball with speed and see it land within the boundary designated by the court

IB SL Sport Exercise Health Science I (9 decks)

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