Unit 5: Movement Analysis Flashcards
1
Q
Synovial Joint (2)
A
- most common joint
- where space between bones allows substantial movement
2
Q
What movements can the synovial joint make? (8)
A
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- medial rotation
- lateral rotation
- elevation
- depression
3
Q
Flexion
A
decreases the angle between body parts
4
Q
Extension
A
increases angles between body parts
5
Q
Abduction
A
away from midline
6
Q
Adduction
A
towards midline
7
Q
medial rotation
A
rotational movement towards midline
8
Q
lateral rotation
A
rotation movement away from midline
9
Q
elevation
A
superior movement
10
Q
depression
A
inferior movement
11
Q
What synovial joint movements are possible in the joints of the feet? (4)
A
- eversion
- inversion
- dorsi flexion
- plantar flexion
12
Q
eversion
A
medial rotation of ankle joint
13
Q
inversion
A
lateral rotation of the ankle joint
14
Q
dorsi flexion
A
flexion at ankle, so the foot point more superiorly
15
Q
plantar flexion
A
extension at the ankle, so the foot points inferiorly
16
Q
What synovial joint movements are possible in the radioulnar joint? (2)
A
- pronation
- supination
17
Q
Pronation
A
medial rotation of the radioulnar joint so palm is upward
18
Q
Supination
A
lateral rotation of radioulnar joint so palm is downward
19
Q
What are some combinations of movement? (3)
A
- circumduction
- pronation of foot
- supination of foot
20
Q
Circumduction
A
circling at joint that combines hyperextension, abduction, extension, and adduction
21
Q
Where does circumduction occur? (5)
A
- shoulder
- hip
- wrist
- ankle
- thumb
22
Q
Pronation of the Foot
A
combines dorsi flexion, eversion, and abduction
23
Q
Supination of Foot
A
combines inversion and adduction
24
Q
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?
A
- Type I
- Type IIa
- Type IIb
25
What is the contraction speed of a type I muscle fiber?
slow
26
What is the muscle force of a type I muscle fiber?
small
27
What is the fatigue resistance of a type I muscle fiber?
high
28
What is the glycogen content of a type I muscle fiber?
low
29
What is the mitochondrial density of a type I muscle fiber?
high
30
What is the color of a type I muscle fiber?
red
31
What is the primary function of type I muscle fiber?
endurance
32
What is the contraction speed of a type II a muscle fiber?
fast
33
What is the muscle force of a type II a muscle fiber?
large
34
What is the fatigue resistance of a type II a muscle fiber?
low
35
What is the glycogen content of a type II a muscle fiber?
high
36
What is the mitochondrial density of a type II a muscle fiber?
low
37
What is the color of a type II a muscle fiber?
white
38
What is the primary function of a type II a muscle fiber?
increased intensity
39
What is the contraction speed of a type II b muscle fiber?
fastest
40
What is the muscle force of a type II b muscle fiber?
largest
41
What is the fatigue resistance of a type II b muscle fiber?
lowest
42
What is the glycogen content of a type II b muscle fiber?
high
43
What is the mitochondrial density of a type II b muscle fiber?
lowest
44
What is the color of a type II b muscle fiber?
white
45
What is the primary function of a type II b muscle fiber?
increased intensity
46
What are the characteristics of slow and fast twitch muscle fibers? (7)
- contraction speed
- muscle forces
- fatigue resistance
- glycogen
- mitochondria
- color
- primary function
47
What do fiber types play a role in determining and how so? (2)
- athletic abilities
- they are genetically pre-determined
48
Isotonic Contractions
muscle length change and causes movement of body
49
What are the two types of isotonic contractions?
- concentric
- eccentric
50
Concentric
muscle shortens while developing tension
51
Eccentric (2)
- muscle lengthens while developing tension
- most efficient method to build muscle
52
Isometric Contractions (2)
- muscle length remains constant with no joint movement
- muscle force balances resistance which results in no joint movement
53
Isokinetic Contractions (3)
- muscle contracts so body segment to which it is attaches moves at a constant speed around the joint
- used in physical therapy setting
- required specialized equipment
54
What produces the most DOMS?
eccentric contractions
55
DOMS (3)
- soreness that peaks 24-28 hours after exercise
- causes inflammation, stiffness, and pain
- negatively affects performance
56
What causes the feeling of soreness from DOMS? (3)
- microscopic tears of muscle
- overstretching of muscle
- muscle spasms
57
What are the roles of muscles in joint movement? (2)
- agonist
- antagonist
58
Agonist
muscles that provides the major force to complete the movement
59
Antagonist
muscles that oppose the agonist by relaxing or lengthening by eccentric contraction
60
Reciprocal Inhibition (2)
- when an agonist muscle contracts, the agonist muscle relaxes
- an automatic action controlled by neurons
61
What does reciprocal inhibition ensure?
the agonist is not being opposed by a muscle acting in the opposite direction of motion
62
What are examples of reciprocal inhibition? (2)
- bicep curl
- bending of knee
63
How is reciprocal inhibition involved in the upward phase of a bicep curl? (2)
- agonist: biceps brachii cocentrically contracts
- antagonist: triceps brachii relaxes
64
How is reciprocal inhibition involved in the downward phase of a bicep curl? (2)
- agonist: biceps brachii eccentrically contracts
- antagonist: triceps brachii is still relaxed
65
How is reciprocal inhibition involved in flexion at the knee? (2)
- agonist: hamstring group
- antagonist: quadriceps
66
How is reciprocal inhibition involved in extension at the knee? (2)
- agonist: quadriceps
- antagonist: hamstring
67
How do the muscles control movement?
by moving bones and joints
68
How does brain control movement?
through nerves
69
Nerves
run from the brain through the spinal cord to the muscle
70
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord where most sensing and muscle control takes place
71
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
nerve cells extending from spinal column to limbs and other parts of the body
72
neuron
electrically excitable cells of the nervous system
73
motor neurons
carry information from CNS to muscles signaling contraction or relaxation
74
sensory neurons
carry signals to CNS from receptors throughout body
75
What are the structures in a neuron? (4)
- dendrites
- cell body
- axon
- myelin
76
Dendrites
receive information from other neurons
77
Cell Body
cell's support center that makes proteins and contains nucleus with DNA
78
Axon
relays electrical signal from cell body to muscle using myelin
79
Myelin
protein that helps conduct electrical signal down axon
80
How does a signal move through a neuron?
dendrites --> cell body --> axon
81
How does the brain communicate with muscle?
motor unit
82
Motor Unit
single motor neuron and muscle fibers it innervates
83
What are the structures of a motor unit? (2)
- motor end plate
- synapse
84
Motor End Plate
where branches of motor neuron axon synapse with target muscle cell
85
Synapse (2)
- gap between neuron and muscle fiber
- electrical nerve signal must cross synapse to stimulate the muscle
86
Neuromuscular Junction (3)
- where a motor neuron and muscle cell meet
- no direct contact across the synapse
- site of chemical communication
87
Neurotransmitter
chemicals that transmit signals across gap/synapse between motor neurons and muscle
88
What is an example of a neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
89
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction
90
What is the process of releasing acetylcholine from the brain to the muscle? (6)
1. made in ends of the motor neuron axon and stored in vesicles
2. transmits signal from nerve to muscle across synapse
3. Diffuses across synaptic
4. Binds with receptors at motor end plate and stimulates calcium release
5. Spreads impulse over whole muscle fiber
6. Broken down by enzyme cholinesterase to end muscle contraction
91
Myofibril
Contractile fibers that extend length the striated muscle fibers
92
Sarcomere
Smallest contractile units of myofibril made of actin and myosin
93
Actin
Thin, contractile protein that slides past myosin causing contraction
94
Myosin
Thick contractile, protein with protrusions called myosin heads
95
What are the structures within skeletal muscle cells? (7)
- myofibril
- sarcomere
- actin
- myosin
- Z line
- H zone
- A band
96
Z Line
separate sarcomeres and attaches actin
97
H Zone (2)
- center of sarcomere that shorten during contraction
- only myosin
98
A Band (2)
- length of myosin filament where actin and myosin interact
- same length during contraction
99
What happens to the sarcomere length during contraction? (2)
- sarcomere shortens
- Z lines closer
100
What happens to sarcomere length during relaxation? (2)
- sarcomere lengthens
- Z lines further apart
101
What happens to stimulate muscle contraction? (4)
1. acetylcholine binds to muscle receptors
2. an electric signal passes inside the muscle through T-tubules
3. sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions
4. Ca2+ bind to troponin
102
What are the steps of skeletal muscle contraction? (5)
1. ATP binds myosin head and it detaches from actin binding site
2. ATP is broken down to recock myosin to new position
3. Myosin forms cross-bridge with actin
4. ADP + P are released and myosin head drags along (power stroke)
5. Repeated power strokes will happen if Ca 2+ is present
103
What is the role of ATP in Skeletal Muscle Contraction? (4)
- present at myosin head
- only source of energy for muscle contraction
- broken down to ADP and loss of P initiates power stroke
- reusable
104
What is needed to stop muscle contraction? (2)
- Ca 2+ is pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Cholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft allowing muscle relaxation
105
Biomechanics
examines forces caused by body (muscles) and those that act on body (gravity and other athletes) to affect body's motion
106
What are the two areas of biomechanics?
- kinematics
- kinetics
107
Kinematics
dealing with motion of bodies and objects
108
Kinetics
dealing with force of bodies/objects
109
Scalar
measurement that only has size
110
Vector
measurement that has both size and direction
111
Position
location of object is given by its coordinates
112
Displacement (2)
- change in position from original
- has size (how far) and direction (vector)
113
Distance (2)
- amount traveled
- size & no direction
114
Velocity (3)
- displacement/time
- has size and direction vector
- can be linear or angular
115
What is the unit for displacement?
meters
116
What is the unit for velocity?
meters per second
117
Speed (2)
- distance/time
- size and no direction
118
What does the slope reveal in distance v time graphs?
the speed
119
Acceleration (3)
- change in velocity/time
- size and direction vector
- change in speed, direction, or both
120
What is the unit for acceleration?
meters per second per second
121
What does the slope reveal in velocity v. time graphs?
the acceleration
122
Force (2)
- push/pull that tries to change the motion of an object
- can involve contact or act at distance
123
Gravity
force that attracts body toward center of earth or toward other physical body with mass
124
What is another name for Newton's 1st Law?
law of inertia
125
What does Newton's 1st Law mean?
objects stay where they are or keep moving unless acted on by a force
126
What is the formula for Newton's 2nd Law?
F = ma
127
What does Newton's 2nd Law mean?
object's acceleration is directly proportional to the size of the force producing it and inversely proportional to object's mass
128
What is an example of Newton's 2nd Law of motion?
heavier object will accelerate less for the same force. To accelerate heavy objects, a large force is needed
129
What is another name for Newton's 3rd Law?
law of reaction
130
Newton's 3rd Law
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
131
What are important aspects to consider about Newton's 3rd Law? (2)
- forces on object are same size, regardless of the masses of objects
- forces happen at exactly same time
132
Levers
- simple machine used to provide a mechanical advantage
- allow small force to move big weight)
133
What is the mechanical advantage formula?
length of the effort arm divided by load arm
134
What in the body can be described as levers?
movement of bones at joints using muscles
135
What does a lever consist of? (4)
- rod
- fulcrum
- load
- effort
136
What is the equivalent to a rod in our body?
bone
137
What is the equivalent to a fulcrum in our body?
joint
138
What is the equivalent to a load in our body?
body weight
139
What is the equivalent to an effort force in our body?
muscle force
140
First Class Lever
effort & load on opposite sides of fulcrum
141
Second Class Lever
effort & load on same side of fulcrum with load closer to fulcrum
142
What is the benefit of a second class lever?
↓ effort lift ↑ weight
143
Third Class Lever
effort and load on same side of fulcrum with effort closer to fulcrum
144
What is the benefit of a third class lever?
↑ range motion & speed
145
What is an example of a first class lever in the body?
muscles of neck provide effort to lift head (load)
146
What is an example of a second class lever in the body?
calf muscles provide effort to lift body (load) when standing on the toes
147
What is an example of a third class lever in the body?
biceps brachii
provides effort at
elbow joint to hold
weight at hand
148
Torque
force applied to object that causes it to rotate
149
What does the size of torque depend on? (3)
- size of the force
- direction of the force
- how far the force is applied from axis of rotation
150
What does torque from muscles cause?
bones to rotate around joints
151
Center of Mass (2)
- point around which mass of a body is evenly distributed
- isn't always within body
152
What does center of mass depend on?
distribution, density and shape of material in the body
153
Why is center of mass important? (3)
1. It determines stability of static positions
2. It’s the axis for airborne rotations
3. It’s the reference point for whole body translation.
154
What is an example of center of mass in sport?
Fosbury Flop
155
Fosbury Flop (2)
- athlete bends their body like a banana around the bar and their center of mass is below and outside body
- jumper using Fosbury technique will not have to raise their center of mass as high
156
Momentum
measure of mass in motion
157
What is the formula for momentum?
p=mv
158
What happens to momentum during collision?
- total momentum of 2 objects is conserved
- momentum lost by object 1 = momentum gained by object 2
159
What must happen for an object's momentum to change?
a force must be applied over a period of time
160
Impulse
force multiplied by the time it acts for J = Ft
161
Angular momentum (2)
- measure of amount of rotation
- once generated, it stays constant
162
What is the formula for angular momentum?
L = moment of inertia x angular velocity
163
Moment of Inertia
difficulty in rotating object
164
What influences moment of inertia? (3)
- object's mass and its distribution around axis of rotation
- mass further away from axis = ↑ moment of inertia (difficult to rotate)
- mass near axis = easier to rotate
165
What is angular momentum important for?
creating rotation
166
What is an example of angular momentum in gymnastics?
A gymnast “tucks” to rotate faster (↓MI & ↑ AV) and “opens out” to decrease rotation (↑MI and ↓ AV) to land
167
What is an example of angular momentum in sprinting? (4)
- moment of inertia is larger when leg is extended and smaller when leg is bent
- smaller moment of inertia with bent knee = easier to move & higher angular velocity
- recovery time is shorter & runner can take next
stride quickly/more strides per time
- angular velocity is reduced as the runner extends knee
168
Projectile
object thrown/dropped into air and acted on by only forces of gravity, air resistance and lift.
169
Projectile motion
The propelling force
starts its motion
170
What are factors that determine range of projectile? (3)
- speed
- projection angle
- projection height
171
How does speed determine the range of a projectile?
small increase in projection speed will drastically increase range
172
How does projection angle determine the range of a projectile?
more important for height of flight and accuracy
173
How does projection height determine the range of a projectile?
maximizes range of values possible for projection speed & angle
174
What does the optimum projection angle depend on?
projection height
175
When should the projection angle be below 45º?
with increased projectile landing area (shot-put)
176
When should the projection angle be above 45º?
with decreased projectile landing area (free throw)
177
When should projectile landing area be 45º?
when projectile release height is equal to landing height
178
Drag (3)
- force in direction opposite to object’s motion
- ↑ drag at ↑ speeds
- due to molecules of substance resisting motion
179
Surface drag
interaction between object surface & molecules resisting motion
180
Form drag
caused by shape of object
181
Bernoulli Principle
pressure exerted by air/water reduces as its velocity increases
182
How does the Bernoulli Principle apply to ball movement? (3)
- When an object is rotating through the air (spinning ball), the air is dragged around by rotation of the ball.
- This increases air velocity on one side (↓ pressure) & decreases velocity on other side (↑ pressure).
- The ball will move towards the low pressure region
183
How does the Bernoulli Principle apply to topspin in tennis?
spin is in the same direction as the movement of air particles at the bottom of the ball, this increases velocity at the bottom of the ball ( ↓ pressure)
184
Topspin in tennis
hit the ball with speed and see it land within the boundary designated by the court
