Unit 3: Exercise Physiology

Question 1

What are the principle structures of the ventilatory system? (9)

Answer 1

• nose
• mouth
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• lungs
• alveoli

Question 2

Nose and Mouth

Answer 2

breath oxygen rich air into system

Question 3

Pharynx (throat)

Answer 3

branches to form esophagus

Question 4

Trachea (2)

Answer 4

• carries air into your lungs
• tube from larynx to bronchi that conveys air

Question 5

Larynx

Answer 5

upper opening into trachea that contains muscles, cartilages, and vocal cords

Question 6

Bronchi

Answer 6

passageways that connect the trachea and lungs

Question 7

Bronchioles

Answer 7

smaller branches of bronchi that increase surface area for gas exchange

Question 8

Alveoli

Answer 8

small air sacs where gas exchange happens

Question 9

What parts of the respiratory system contribute to the conduction of airways? (3)

Answer 9

• nasal/oral passages
• trachea
• bronchi

Question 10

What is the overall function of conducting airways? (3)

Answer 10

• low resistance path for air
• warming, moistening of the air
• air filtration by lining

Question 11

What is the function of the nose as a conducting airway?

Answer 11

humidifies and filters entering air

Question 12

What is the function of the pharynx as a conducting airway?

Answer 12

a low resistance path for airflow into the larynx and then trachea

Question 13

What is the function of the larynx (voicebox) as a conducting airway?

Answer 13

protects trachea from invasion of foods and fluids

Question 14

What is the diaphragm?

Answer 14

a muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals

Question 15

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 15

its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and inflates the lungs for breathing

Question 16

What does pulmonary ventilation mean?

Answer 16

breathing

Question 17

How does air move?

Answer 17

from high to low pressure

Question 18

Respiratory Cycle

Answer 18

one sequence of inspiration and expiration

Question 19

Inspiration (2)

Answer 19

• inhalation
• air moves into the lungs

Question 20

Expiration (2)

Answer 20

• exhalation
• moves air out the lungs

Question 21

What happens during inspiration at rest? (3)

Answer 21

• diaphragm contracts
• external intercostal muscles contract
• lung volume increases and air pressure decreases —> air moves into lungs

Question 22

What happens as the diaphragm contracts during inspiration at rest?

Answer 22

it moves inferiorly, creating a larger cavity

Question 23

What happens as the external intercostal muscles contract during inspiration at rest?

Answer 23

it moves the ribs up and out, causing the rib cage to expand

Question 24

What happens during exhalation at rest? (3)

Answer 24

• diaphragm relaxes
• external intercostal muscles relax
• lung volume decreases and air pressure increases —> air moves out lungs

Question 25

When is breathing passive?

Answer 25

during expiration at rest

Question 26

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes during exhalation at rest?

Answer 26

it moves up making a smaller thoracic cavity

Question 27

What happens when the external intercostal muscles relax during exhalation at rest?

Answer 27

the ribs move down and in causing the rib cage to relax

Question 28

What happens to pulmonary ventilation during exercise?

Answer 28

- more oxygen is needed by the muscles - more carbon dioxide is released by the muscles - more air needs to be inhaled and exhaled at a faster rate, so we need more muscles to contract and expand the rib cage

Question 29

What additional muscles are put to work when doing exercise? (2)

Answer 29

- internal intercostals muscles - muscles of shoulders and abdomen

Question 30

When is energy required for breathing? (3)

Answer 30

- inspiration at rest - inspiration during exercise - exhalation during exercise

Question 31

What happens to the muscles during inhalation during exercise? (2)

Answer 31

- internal intercostal muscles relax - external intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract

Question 32

What happens to the muscles during expiration during exercise? (2)

Answer 32

- external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax - internal intercostal muscles contract

Question 33

Spirometry (2)

Answer 33

- test used to measure breathing in humans - measures the volume rate that air is inhaled and exhaled over time

Question 34

tidal volume

Answer 34

volume of air breathed in and out in one normal breath

Question 34

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

Question 35

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 35

volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcefully

Question 36

residual volume

Answer 36

volume of air in lungs after maximal exhalation

Question 37

total lung capacity (2)

Answer 37

- volume of air in lungs after a maximum inhalation - vital capacity + residual volume

Question 38

vital capacity

Answer 38

maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

Question 39

How does lung volume relate to trained v. untrained athletes? (2)

Answer 39

- lung volume can't be trained - lung volume is determined by natural body size

Question 40

How does the rate of exhalation relate to trained v. untrained athletes? (2)

Answer 40

- rate of exhalation can be trained with exercise - muscles controlling exhalation can be worked

Question 41

cellular respiration (2)

Answer 41

- metabolic process that produces energy from food molecules - requires O2 and produces CO2

Question 42

What is increased during exercise? (2)

Answer 42

- breathing rate - tidal volume

Question 43

When does blood pH change?

Answer 43

when the amount of CO2 changes

Question 44

What monitors blood pH?

Answer 44

the brain

Question 45

What does the body do in response to increased CO2 levels?

Answer 45

faster and deeper breathing

Question 46

oxygen deficit

Answer 46

when the body cannot deliver enough oxygen to the muscle cells during exercise

Question 47

What factors regulate ventilation? (3)

Answer 47

- gas partial pressure - body temperature - hormones

Question 48

What receptors send signals to the brain that properly regulate ventilation? (3)

Answer 48

- chemoreceptors - pulmonary stretch receptors - muscle proprioceptors

Question 49

Chemoreceptors

Answer 49

detect changes in blood pH

Question 50

Pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 50

respond to stretching of the lung during breathing

Question 51

Muscle proprioceptors

Answer 51

detect changes in the tension and pressure involved in breathing

Question 52

partial pressure of gas

Answer 52

measure of concentration of the gas in a mixture

Question 53

Hemoglobin (4)

Answer 53

- in red blood cells - high affinity for O2 - transports most O2 in the blood and CO2 - iron containing protein

Question 54

When does oxygen easily bind to hemoglobin?

Answer 54

in capillaries near lungs where O2 partial pressure is high

Question 55

What does hemoglobin do?

Answer 55

- carry O2 from the lungs to the tissue - carry CO2 from tissues to lungs