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IB SL Sport Exercise Health Science I > IB Exam Review Unit 1 > Flashcards

IB Exam Review Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (4)

A
  • protection of vital organs
  • support or maintenance of posture
  • providing attachment points for the muscles
  • storage/release of minerals
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2
Q

How many types of vertebrae are there?

A

5

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3
Q

What are the types of vertebrae? (5)

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccyx
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4
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

smallest and most movement

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5
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A

less mobile because ribs attach to side of the vertebra

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6
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

largest and responsible for weight bearing

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7
Q

Sacral Vertebrae

A

transmits weights from the body to the pelvis and the legs

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8
Q

What are the functions of the axial skeleton? (3)

A
  • provides protection
  • support
  • attachment sites for muscles
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9
Q

What are the components of the pelvic girdle? (3)

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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10
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

movement

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11
Q

What is the function of the humerus?

A

attaches muscles for movement of arm, hand, and elbow

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12
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

helps leg extension and protect knee joint

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13
Q

What are features of long bones? (4)

A
  • longer than wide
  • work as levers
  • have long cylindrical shafts with enlarged ends
  • are essential for movement
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14
Q

What are features of short bones? (3)

A
  • small, compact, and cube shaped
  • articulate with more than one bone
  • provide stability
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15
Q

What are features of flat bones? (3)

A
  • curved, flat surfaces
  • protect organs
  • allow muscle attachment
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16
Q

What is a feature of irregular bones?

A

they have varied size, shape, and surface area

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17
Q

What is the composition of bone? (4)

A
  • contains several layers
  • ends have cartilage for shock absorption
  • red marrow inside end of bones
  • yellow marrow inside of middle of bones
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18
Q

Spongy Bone

A

resists stress of weight and changes in posture, contains red marrow

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19
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

produces blood cells

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20
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends made of spongy bone

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21
Q

Articular Cartilage (2)

A
  • reduces friction
  • provides shock absorption
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22
Q

Diaphysis (2)

A
  • middle region made of compact bone
  • resists bending forces
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23
Q

Compact Bone

A

solid, dense bone to provide protection and support

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24
Q

Periosteum

A

white membrane that provides nutrients & cells for growth after fracture

25
Q

marrow cavity

A

space in diaphysis to store yellow bone marrow

26
Q

yellow marrow

A

stores fat

27
Q

Cartilage (4)

A
  • add protection by shock absorption
  • firm
  • smooth
  • non vascular
28
Q

Ligaments (3)

A
  • provide joint stability
  • resist unwanted movements at joints
  • strong and fibrous
29
Q

Tendons (2)

A
  • adds stability
  • round band of connective tissue
30
Q

Joint

A

where two or more bones articulate

31
Q

What is the function of a joint?

A

increase mobility of the body and limbs

32
Q

Fibrous Joints (3)

A
  • no movement
  • stable
  • held fibrous connective tissue
33
Q

Cartilaginous Joints (3)

A
  • limited movement
  • less stable
  • held by cartilage
34
Q

Synovial Joint (3)

A
  • substantial movement
  • least stable
  • space between bone
35
Q

Articular Capsule

A

strong tissue covering the joint that gives the joint stability & stops unwanted material from entering

36
Q

Synovial Fluid (3)

A
  • fluid inside joint cavity that lubricates and cushions end bones
  • provides nutrients
  • removes debris
37
Q

Bursae

A

sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction

38
Q

Meniscus

A

crescent-shaped pad of cartilage prevents wear & provides cushioning

39
Q

How many synovial joints are there? (REMEMBER TO USE THE KNOWT SET)

A

6

40
Q

Gliding (2)

A
  • between carpals
  • between intervertebral joints
41
Q

Hinge (3)

A
  • elbow
  • ankle
  • phalanges
42
Q

Condyloid Joint (2)

A
  • between radius and carpals
  • skull & 1st vertebra
43
Q

Saddle

A

carpal and metacarpal of thumb

44
Q

Ball and socket

A

hip and shoulder

45
Q

Pivot

A

radius and ulna

46
Q

What are the functions of muscles? (4)

A
  • cause joint movement
  • move substances within the body
  • stabilize and maintain body positions
  • generate up to 85% of body heat
47
Q

What are characteristics of muscle tissue? (4)

A
  • contractility
  • extensibility
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
48
Q

Epimysium

A

outer surrounding layer of muscle

49
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

50
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

51
Q

Muscle fiber

A

single muscle cell that allows for muscle movement

52
Q

Myofibril

A

contractile fibers that extend length of the cell

53
Q

Sarcomere

A

smallest contracting unit of a myofibril made of actin & myosin

54
Q

Actin

A

globular protein that contributes to muscle contraction

55
Q

Myosin

A

fibrous protein that works with actin in muscle contraction

56
Q

Origin

A

attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

57
Q

Insertion

A

attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone

58
Q

What are the muscles in the quadricep group? (4)

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus intermedialis
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus lateralis
59
Q

What are the muscles in the hamstring group? (3)

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimenbranosus

IB SL Sport Exercise Health Science I (9 decks)

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