IB Exam Review Unit 1

Question 1

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (4)

Answer 1

• protection of vital organs
• support or maintenance of posture
• providing attachment points for the muscles
• storage/release of minerals

Question 2

How many types of vertebrae are there?

Answer 2

5

Question 3

What are the types of vertebrae? (5)

Answer 3

• cervical
• thoracic
• lumbar
• sacral
• coccyx

Question 4

Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 4

smallest and most movement

Question 5

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 5

less mobile because ribs attach to side of the vertebra

Question 6

Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 6

largest and responsible for weight bearing

Question 7

Sacral Vertebrae

Answer 7

transmits weights from the body to the pelvis and the legs

Question 8

What are the functions of the axial skeleton? (3)

Answer 8

• provides protection
• support
• attachment sites for muscles

Question 9

What are the components of the pelvic girdle? (3)

Answer 9

• ilium
• ischium
• pubis

Question 10

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 10

movement

Question 11

What is the function of the humerus?

Answer 11

attaches muscles for movement of arm, hand, and elbow

Question 12

What is the function of the patella?

Answer 12

helps leg extension and protect knee joint

Question 13

What are features of long bones? (4)

Answer 13

• longer than wide
• work as levers
• have long cylindrical shafts with enlarged ends
• are essential for movement

Question 14

What are features of short bones? (3)

Answer 14

• small, compact, and cube shaped
• articulate with more than one bone
• provide stability

Question 15

What are features of flat bones? (3)

Answer 15

• curved, flat surfaces
• protect organs
• allow muscle attachment

Question 16

What is a feature of irregular bones?

Answer 16

they have varied size, shape, and surface area

Question 17

What is the composition of bone? (4)

Answer 17

• contains several layers
• ends have cartilage for shock absorption
• red marrow inside end of bones
• yellow marrow inside of middle of bones

Question 18

Spongy Bone

Answer 18

resists stress of weight and changes in posture, contains red marrow

Question 19

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 19

produces blood cells

Question 20

Epiphysis

Answer 20

ends made of spongy bone

Question 21

Articular Cartilage (2)

Answer 21

• reduces friction
• provides shock absorption

Question 22

Diaphysis (2)

Answer 22

• middle region made of compact bone
• resists bending forces

Question 23

Compact Bone

Answer 23

solid, dense bone to provide protection and support

Question 24

Periosteum

Answer 24

white membrane that provides nutrients & cells for growth after fracture

Question 25

marrow cavity

Answer 25

space in diaphysis to store yellow bone marrow

Question 26

yellow marrow

Answer 26

stores fat

Question 27

Cartilage (4)

Answer 27

- add protection by shock absorption - firm - smooth - non vascular

Question 28

Ligaments (3)

Answer 28

- provide joint stability - resist unwanted movements at joints - strong and fibrous

Question 29

Tendons (2)

Answer 29

- adds stability - round band of connective tissue

Question 30

Joint

Answer 30

where two or more bones articulate

Question 31

What is the function of a joint?

Answer 31

increase mobility of the body and limbs

Question 32

Fibrous Joints (3)

Answer 32

- no movement - stable - held fibrous connective tissue

Question 33

Cartilaginous Joints (3)

Answer 33

- limited movement - less stable - held by cartilage

Question 34

Synovial Joint (3)

Answer 34

- substantial movement - least stable - space between bone

Question 35

Articular Capsule

Answer 35

strong tissue covering the joint that gives the joint stability & stops unwanted material from entering

Question 36

Synovial Fluid (3)

Answer 36

- fluid inside joint cavity that lubricates and cushions end bones - provides nutrients - removes debris

Question 37

Bursae

Answer 37

sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction

Question 38

Meniscus

Answer 38

crescent-shaped pad of cartilage prevents wear & provides cushioning

Question 39

How many synovial joints are there? (REMEMBER TO USE THE KNOWT SET)

Answer 39

6

Question 40

Gliding (2)

Answer 40

- between carpals - between intervertebral joints

Question 41

Hinge (3)

Answer 41

- elbow - ankle - phalanges

Question 42

Condyloid Joint (2)

Answer 42

- between radius and carpals - skull & 1st vertebra

Question 43

Saddle

Answer 43

carpal and metacarpal of thumb

Question 44

Ball and socket

Answer 44

hip and shoulder

Question 45

Pivot

Answer 45

radius and ulna

Question 46

What are the functions of muscles? (4)

Answer 46

- cause joint movement - move substances within the body - stabilize and maintain body positions - generate up to 85% of body heat

Question 47

What are characteristics of muscle tissue? (4)

Answer 47

- contractility - extensibility - atrophy - hypertrophy

Question 48

Epimysium

Answer 48

outer surrounding layer of muscle

Question 49

Perimysium

Answer 49

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

Question 50

Endomysium

Answer 50

surrounds individual muscle fibers

Question 51

Muscle fiber

Answer 51

single muscle cell that allows for muscle movement

Question 52

Myofibril

Answer 52

contractile fibers that extend length of the cell

Question 53

Sarcomere

Answer 53

smallest contracting unit of a myofibril made of actin & myosin

Question 54

Actin

Answer 54

globular protein that contributes to muscle contraction

Question 55

Myosin

Answer 55

fibrous protein that works with actin in muscle contraction

Question 56

Origin

Answer 56

attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

Question 57

Insertion

Answer 57

attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone

Question 58

What are the muscles in the quadricep group? (4)

Answer 58

- rectus femoris - vastus intermedialis - vastus medialis - vastus lateralis

Question 59

What are the muscles in the hamstring group? (3)

Answer 59

- biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimenbranosus