Unit 2: Measurement & Evaluation of Human Performance Flashcards
What characteristics must fitness tests have in order to measure fitness? (4)
- specific
- accurate
- reliable
- valid
Specific
use appropriate muscle groups, relevant range of movement and suitable speed
Accurate
equipment works and makes exact measurement free from mistakes
Reliable
produces same result from trial to trial
Valid
measure what it claims to and appropriate for aim of experiment
What should be used to display how one variable affects another in a fitness test? (5)
- control group
- placebo
- double blinding
- randomization
- statistical analysis
Control Group
group that does not receive treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
What is an example of a control group?
one group does not get caffeine pill, other does
Placebo
harmless pill, medicine, or procedure used to avoid the study participants from knowing what group they belong to
What is an example of placebo?
a person will unknowingly get a pill that does not contain caffeine
What are the ways an experiment can be blinded? (2)
- blind
- double blinding
Blind
participants don’t know what group they are in
Double Blind
participants and scientist don’t know the group
Randomized
individuals are randomly assigned to each group to avoid bias in results
Statistical Analysis
mathematics is used to analyze data and draw conclusions so that results are valid
PAR-Q
survey that gives coaches and doctors ability to determine whether subjects are prepared for demanding physical activity
What are the types of fitness tests? (4)
- field tests
- lab test
- miximal tests
- sub-maximal tests
Field Test
realistic scenarios/simulates game conditions
Lab Test
more control and can utilize more technology
Maximal Test
gage maximal exertion/ accurate indicator of fitness, uncomfortable and unsafe for some
Sub-maximal test
predicts maximal exertion without effort and stress in less time with quicker recovery
physical fitness
ability to preform a specific activity
health-related physical fitness
ability to meet physical and physiological demands of daily living without excessive fatigue
performance-related physical fitness (skill related)
ability to perform in a specific sport
What are the health related fitness components? (5)
- body composition
- flexibility
- strength
- aerobic capacity
- muscular endurance
Body Composition
proportion of total body mass made up of fat and fat free mass
Flexibility
ability to move through full range of movement around a joint
Strength
ability to generate force by a muscle
Aerobic Capacity
ability to take in, deliver, and use oxygen
Muscular Endurance
ability to forcefully employ muscles over time
What are the performance-related fitness components? (6)
- agility
- balance
- coordination
- power
- reaction time
- flexibility
Agility
ability to rapidly change direction or speed
Balance
the stability of the body
Coordination
performing multiple motor functions correctly at the same time
Power
ability of muscle to exert maximum force in shortest amount of time
Reaction Time
duration between stimulus and response
Speed
change of distance with respect to time
What is the value of a test determined by? (5)
- the safety of the participants
- ethical considerations
- number of participants to be tested
- the resources and facilities available
- the accuracy that is required
What are examples of the aerobic capacity test? (3)
- multistage fitness test/beep test
- Cooper’s 12 minute run
- Harvard step test
Multistage Fitness Test/Beep Test
20m shuttles repeated at increased speeds until exhaustion
What is the validity of the multistage fitness test and Cooper’s 12 minute run?
high correlation between score and aerobic capacity
What does the reliability of the multistage fitness test depend on? (3)
- how strictly test is run
- practice allowed
- running surface
Cooper’s 12 Minute Run
participants run/walk as far as they can in 12 minutes.
What does the reliability of Cooper’s 12 minute run depend on? (3)
- practice allowed
- running surface
- motivation
Harvard Step Test
complete 150 steps at rate of 30 steps a minute
What is the validity of the Harvard step test?
weak correlation between scores and aerobic capacity
What does the reliability of the Harvard step test depend on? (3)
- how administered
- stepping cadence
- height
What are the advantages of the Harvard step test? (2)
- limited expertise and equipment needed
- sub-maximal test with continuous exercise
What are the limitation of the Harvard step test? (2)
- prediction based on heart rate values
- does not account for individual variation in heart rate
What fitness test assesses flexibility?
sit and reach
What fitness test assesses muscle endurance?
flexed arm hang
What fitness test assesses agility?
Illinois agility test
What fitness test assesses strength?
hand grip dynamometer
What fitness test assesses speed?
40m sprint
What fitness test assesses balance?
stork stand
What fitness test assesses coordination?
hand ball toss
What fitness test assesses reaction time?
drop test
What fitness test assesses power?
vertical jump
What fitness test assesses body composition?
body mass index
What are the advantages of Cooper’s 12 minute run and the beep test? (2)
- limited expertise and equipment needed
- easy to score
What are the limitations of Cooper’s 12 minute run and the beep test? (2)
- prediction based on performance and not direct measurement
- environmental factors influence performance as not in laboratory
What should training programs include? (7)
- warm-up
- stretching activities
- endurance training
- cool down
- flexibility training
- resistance training
- incorporation of recreational activities and sports
Warm-up (4)
- training session must begin with low intensity activity
- increases body and muscle temp
- increases breathing and heart rate
- reduces injury risk
Stretching Activities (3)
- stretches are done as part of the warm-up and cool down phases of training
- increases flexibility
- reduces injury
Static Stretching
no movement
Dynamic Stretching
movement based activities within comfortable range of motion
Ballistic Stretching
bouncing movements (not good)
PNF stretching
combines relaxation and contracting of the muscle
Endurance Training
person works for long periods of time to work out heart, lungs, large muscle groups
Resistance Training (2)
- specifically designed to enhance muscular strength and endurance
- progressive resistance loads
Cool Down (2)
- done after exercise to slowly reduce breathing and heart rate and blood pressure
- static stretching is more appropriate during a cool down when the muscles are warmed up
What are the benefits of a cool down? (2)
- relieves cramping
- improved range of motion in joints
Flexibility Training (4)
- static stretching should be done when muscles are warm after workout
- improves range of motion at a joint
- improve performance
- reduce injury risk
Recreational Activities
general training program that should include recreational activities to keep the performer enjoying sport and motivated
How many key principles of training program design are there?
6
What are the key principles of training program design?
- progression
- overload
- specificity
- reversibility
- variety
- periodization
Progression
gradual and systematic increase in the demands of the program to gain improvement
Overload
must train under greater strain than normal to adapt and gain strength endurance
Specificity
athlete must train the muscles and skills that you will need and use in your sport
Reversibility
condition is lost if training stops just as fitness can be gained if training is resumed
Variety
variation can help motivation and prevent a plateau in fitness level
Periodization
training should be organized in order to maximize the training effect
VO2 max
quantifies the maximum rate that an individual can take in and use oxygen
What are indirect methods of measuring heart rate? (2)
- THR zone
- Karvonen method
THR Zone
monitors intensity with training zone calculated by taking a percent of maximum heart rate
Karvonen Method (3)
- calculates individualized zones using the difference between resting heart rate and maximal heart rate
- difference between resting and maximal heart rate is the heart rate reserve
What is the equation for the Karvonen method?
heart rate reserve (HRR) = HRmax - HRrest
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
way of measuring exercise intensity based on how hard you feel like your body is working
Borg Scale
measures adult performer’s rate of perceived exertion using written descriptors
CERT Scale
measures child (ages 6-9) performer’s rate of perceived exertion using written descriptors and pictures
OMNI 0-10 Scale
measures child or adult performer’s rate of perceived exertion using written descriptors and pictures
independent variable
manipulated variable
dependent variable
measured variable
controlled variable
kept constant so they do not alter the data
How must instruments used for quantitative data be read properly?
read ticks and estimate one decimal place
uncertainty
margin of doubt for a measurement
How should a data table be organized? (4)
- independent variable at left
- dependent variable after
- uncertainty in dependent variable units
- STD after dependent variable
Standard Deviation (4)
- average measures of how much each value in your data differs from the mean
- measures variability
- considers all data points
- used with 5 or more trials
Coefficient of Variation
ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage
What is the formula for the CV?
SD/mean x 100
What are the tests for comparing groups? (2)
- t-test (2 groups)
- one way ANOVA (3 or more groups)
What are the steps for comparison tests? (3)
1) form a hypothesis
2) calculate p-value
3) Interpret the p-value
Step 1: form a hypothesis
- null hypothesis: there is a difference between the means of groups
- alternative hypothesis: there is a difference between the means of the groups
Step 2: calculate p-value
p-value: probability that null hypothesis is true
What does it mean if the p-value is low? (3)
- reject the null hypothesis
- means of groups are different
- if p is low, reject the Ho
What does it mean if the p-value is high? (2)
- accept the null hypothesis
- no difference between means of groups
Correlation Coefficient (3)
- measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship
- denoted by r
- between -1 and 1
Correlation of Determination
square of correlation coefficient
