Unit 2: Measurement & Evaluation of Human Performance Flashcards
1
Q
What characteristics must fitness tests have in order to measure fitness? (4)
A
- specific
- accurate
- reliable
- valid
2
Q
Specific
A
use appropriate muscle groups, relevant range of movement and suitable speed
3
Q
Accurate
A
equipment works and makes exact measurement free from mistakes
4
Q
Reliable
A
produces same result from trial to trial
5
Q
Valid
A
measure what it claims to and appropriate for aim of experiment
6
Q
What should be used to display how one variable affects another in a fitness test? (5)
A
- control group
- placebo
- double blinding
- randomization
- statistical analysis
7
Q
Control Group
A
group that does not receive treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do
8
Q
What is an example of a control group?
A
one group does not get caffeine pill, other does
9
Q
Placebo
A
harmless pill, medicine, or procedure used to avoid the study participants from knowing what group they belong to
10
Q
What is an example of placebo?
A
a person will unknowingly get a pill that does not contain caffeine
11
Q
What are the ways an experiment can be blinded? (2)
A
- blind
- double blinding
12
Q
Blind
A
participants don’t know what group they are in
13
Q
Double Blind
A
participants and scientist don’t know the group
14
Q
Randomized
A
individuals are randomly assigned to each group to avoid bias in results
15
Q
Statistical Analysis
A
mathematics is used to analyze data and draw conclusions so that results are valid
16
Q
PAR-Q
A
survey that gives coaches and doctors ability to determine whether subjects are prepared for demanding physical activity
17
Q
What are the types of fitness tests? (4)
A
- field tests
- lab test
- miximal tests
- sub-maximal tests
18
Q
Field Test
A
realistic scenarios/simulates game conditions
19
Q
Lab Test
A
more control and can utilize more technology
20
Q
Maximal Test
A
gage maximal exertion/ accurate indicator of fitness, uncomfortable and unsafe for some
21
Q
Sub-maximal test
A
predicts maximal exertion without effort and stress in less time with quicker recovery
22
Q
physical fitness
A
ability to preform a specific activity
23
Q
health-related physical fitness
A
ability to meet physical and physiological demands of daily living without excessive fatigue
24
Q
performance-related physical fitness (skill related)
A
ability to perform in a specific sport
25
What are the health related fitness components? (5)
- body composition
- flexibility
- strength
- aerobic capacity
- muscular endurance
26
Body Composition
proportion of total body mass made up of fat and fat free mass
27
Flexibility
ability to move through full range of movement around a joint
28
Strength
ability to generate force by a muscle
29
Aerobic Capacity
ability to take in, deliver, and use oxygen
30
Muscular Endurance
ability to forcefully employ muscles over time
31
What are the performance-related fitness components? (6)
- agility
- balance
- coordination
- power
- reaction time
- flexibility
32
Agility
ability to rapidly change direction or speed
33
Balance
the stability of the body
34
Coordination
performing multiple motor functions correctly at the same time
35
Power
ability of muscle to exert maximum force in shortest amount of time
36
Reaction Time
duration between stimulus and response
37
Speed
change of distance with respect to time
38
What is the value of a test determined by? (5)
- the safety of the participants
- ethical considerations
- number of participants to be tested
- the resources and facilities available
- the accuracy that is required
39
What are examples of the aerobic capacity test? (3)
- multistage fitness test/beep test
- Cooper's 12 minute run
- Harvard step test
40
Multistage Fitness Test/Beep Test
20m shuttles repeated at increased speeds until exhaustion
41
What is the validity of the multistage fitness test and Cooper's 12 minute run?
high correlation between score and aerobic capacity
42
What does the reliability of the multistage fitness test depend on? (3)
- how strictly test is run
- practice allowed
- running surface
43
Cooper's 12 Minute Run
participants run/walk as far as they can in 12 minutes.
44
What does the reliability of Cooper's 12 minute run depend on? (3)
- practice allowed
- running surface
- motivation
45
Harvard Step Test
complete 150 steps at rate of 30 steps a minute
46
What is the validity of the Harvard step test?
weak correlation between scores and aerobic capacity
47
What does the reliability of the Harvard step test depend on? (3)
- how administered
- stepping cadence
- height
48
What are the advantages of the Harvard step test? (2)
- limited expertise and equipment needed
- sub-maximal test with continuous exercise
49
What are the limitation of the Harvard step test? (2)
- prediction based on heart rate values
- does not account for individual variation in heart rate
50
What fitness test assesses flexibility?
sit and reach
51
What fitness test assesses muscle endurance?
flexed arm hang
52
What fitness test assesses agility?
Illinois agility test
53
What fitness test assesses strength?
hand grip dynamometer
54
What fitness test assesses speed?
40m sprint
55
What fitness test assesses balance?
stork stand
56
What fitness test assesses coordination?
hand ball toss
57
What fitness test assesses reaction time?
drop test
58
What fitness test assesses power?
vertical jump
59
What fitness test assesses body composition?
body mass index
60
What are the advantages of Cooper's 12 minute run and the beep test? (2)
- limited expertise and equipment needed
- easy to score
61
What are the limitations of Cooper's 12 minute run and the beep test? (2)
- prediction based on performance and not direct measurement
- environmental factors influence performance as not in laboratory
62
What should training programs include? (7)
- warm-up
- stretching activities
- endurance training
- cool down
- flexibility training
- resistance training
- incorporation of recreational activities and sports
63
Warm-up (4)
- training session must begin with low intensity activity
- increases body and muscle temp
- increases breathing and heart rate
- reduces injury risk
64
Stretching Activities (3)
- stretches are done as part of the warm-up and cool down phases of training
- increases flexibility
- reduces injury
65
Static Stretching
no movement
66
Dynamic Stretching
movement based activities within comfortable range of motion
67
Ballistic Stretching
bouncing movements (not good)
68
PNF stretching
combines relaxation and contracting of the muscle
69
Endurance Training
person works for long periods of time to work out heart, lungs, large muscle groups
70
Resistance Training (2)
- specifically designed to enhance muscular strength and endurance
- progressive resistance loads
71
Cool Down (2)
- done after exercise to slowly reduce breathing and heart rate and blood pressure
- static stretching is more appropriate during a cool down when the muscles are warmed up
72
What are the benefits of a cool down? (2)
- relieves cramping
- improved range of motion in joints
73
Flexibility Training (4)
- static stretching should be done when muscles are warm after workout
- improves range of motion at a joint
- improve performance
- reduce injury risk
74
Recreational Activities
general training program that should include recreational activities to keep the performer enjoying sport and motivated
75
How many key principles of training program design are there?
6
76
What are the key principles of training program design?
- progression
- overload
- specificity
- reversibility
- variety
- periodization
77
Progression
gradual and systematic increase in the demands of the program to gain improvement
78
Overload
must train under greater strain than normal to adapt and gain strength endurance
79
Specificity
athlete must train the muscles and skills that you will need and use in your sport
80
Reversibility
condition is lost if training stops just as fitness can be gained if training is resumed
81
Variety
variation can help motivation and prevent a plateau in fitness level
82
Periodization
training should be organized in order to maximize the training effect
83
VO2 max
quantifies the maximum rate that an individual can take in and use oxygen
84
What are indirect methods of measuring heart rate? (2)
- THR zone
- Karvonen method
85
THR Zone
monitors intensity with training zone calculated by taking a percent of maximum heart rate
86
Karvonen Method (3)
- calculates individualized zones using the difference between resting heart rate and maximal heart rate
- difference between resting and maximal heart rate is the heart rate reserve
87
What is the equation for the Karvonen method?
heart rate reserve (HRR) = HRmax - HRrest
88
Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)
way of measuring exercise intensity based on how hard you feel like your body is working
89
Borg Scale
measures adult performer's rate of perceived exertion using written descriptors
90
CERT Scale
measures child (ages 6-9) performer's rate of perceived exertion using written descriptors and pictures
91
OMNI 0-10 Scale
measures child or adult performer's rate of perceived exertion using written descriptors and pictures
92
independent variable
manipulated variable
93
dependent variable
measured variable
94
controlled variable
kept constant so they do not alter the data
95
How must instruments used for quantitative data be read properly?
read ticks and estimate one decimal place
96
uncertainty
margin of doubt for a measurement
97
How should a data table be organized? (4)
- independent variable at left
- dependent variable after
- uncertainty in dependent variable units
- STD after dependent variable
98
Standard Deviation (4)
- average measures of how much each value in your data differs from the mean
- measures variability
- considers all data points
- used with 5 or more trials
99
Coefficient of Variation
ratio of the standard deviation to the mean expressed as a percentage
100
What is the formula for the CV?
SD/mean x 100
101
What are the tests for comparing groups? (2)
- t-test (2 groups)
- one way ANOVA (3 or more groups)
102
What are the steps for comparison tests? (3)
1) form a hypothesis
2) calculate p-value
3) Interpret the p-value
103
Step 1: form a hypothesis
- null hypothesis: there is a difference between the means of groups
- alternative hypothesis: there is a difference between the means of the groups
104
Step 2: calculate p-value
p-value: probability that null hypothesis is true
105
What does it mean if the p-value is low? (3)
- reject the null hypothesis
- means of groups are different
- if p is low, reject the Ho
106
What does it mean if the p-value is high? (2)
- accept the null hypothesis
- no difference between means of groups
107
Correlation Coefficient (3)
- measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship
- denoted by r
- between -1 and 1
108
Correlation of Determination
square of correlation coefficient
