Unit 1: Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
musculoskeletal system
A
the skeletal and muscular system
2
Q
anatomy
A
science of bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living things
3
Q
anatomical body position
A
standing upright, facing straight ahead with palms forward
4
Q
fundamental position
A
same as anatomical position with arms related and palms facing body
5
Q
What are the components of the skeletal system structure? (4)
A
- bone
- ligaments
- tendons
- cartilage
6
Q
What are some functions of the skeletal system? (4)
A
- protect vital organs
- support and maintenance of posture
- produces attachment point for muscles
- storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorous
7
Q
Axial Skeleton Function (3)
A
- protection
- support
- attachment sites for muscles
8
Q
What bones are in the axial skeleton? (4)
A
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
- vertebral column
9
Q
What bones are in the vertebral column? (5)
A
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccyx
10
Q
What does the prefix for “meta” mean?
A
middle
11
Q
What are examples of axial bones and their functions? (2)
A
- skull: protection of vital organs
- vertebral column: support and maintenance of posture/structures
12
Q
Appendicular Skeleton Function
A
movement
13
Q
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton? (14)
A
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
- pelvic girdle
- pectoral girdle
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
14
Q
What are the components of the pelvic girdle? (3)
A
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
15
Q
What are the components of the pectoral girdle? (2)
A
- scapula
- clavicle
16
Q
What are examples of appendicular bones and their function? (2)
A
- humerus: attaches muscles for movement of the arm, hand, and elbow
- patella: helps leg extensions and protect knee joint
17
Q
How many classes of bone are there?
A
4
18
Q
What are the 4 classes of bone?
A
- long
- short
- irregular
- flat
19
Q
What are the characteristics of the long bone? (4)
A
- longer
- works as levers
- have long cylindrical shafts with enlarged ends
- are essential to movement
20
Q
What are examples of long bones? (2)
A
- femur
- humerus
21
Q
What are features of short bones? (3)
A
- small, compact, and cube shaped
- articulate with less >1 bone
- provide strength and stability
22
Q
What are examples of short bones? (2)
A
- carpals
- tarsals
23
Q
What are the features of flat bones? (3)
A
- curved flat surface
- protect organs
- allow muscle attachment
24
Q
What are examples of flat bones? (4)
A
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
- scapula
25
What are the features of irregular bones? (2)
- bones that don't all in the other categories
- vary in size, shape, and surface area
26
What is an example of an irregular bone?
vertebral bones
27
What is bone made of? (4)
- mostly made of collagen, calcium phosphate, can calcium carbonate
- several layers (dense to porous)
- cartilage on ends for shock absorption
- bone ends contain red marrow which makes blood cells
28
What are the components of the long bone? (10)
- epiphysis
- articular cartilage
- spongy bone
- red bone marrow
- diaphysis
- compact bone
- blood vessels
- periosteum
- marrow cavity
- yellow marrow
29
epiphysis
ends made of spongy bone
30
articular cartilage
covers ends reducing friction and absorbing shock
31
spongy bone (2)
- latticed structure that helps resist the stress from weight and change in posture
- contains red marrow
32
red bone marrow
makes red blood cells
33
diaphysis
middle region containing compact bone, has a central cavity that resists bending forces
34
compact bone
bone that is solid and dense for protection and support
35
blood vessels (in long bone)
provides blood and nutrients to marrow and compact bone
36
periosteum
white membrane surrounding bone providing nutrients and cells needed for growth after fracture
37
marrow cavity
space within diaphysis for storing yellow bone marrow
38
yellow marrow
stores fat
39
anterior
front side
40
posterior
back side
41
distal
further from origin
42
proximal
closer to origin
43
superior
toward the head
44
inferior
toward the feet
45
lateral
further from midline
46
medial
towards the midline
47
What are some features of connective tissue? (3)
- most abundant
- diverse in structure and function
- varied
48
What are examples of connective tissue? (4)
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
49
What is connective tissue crucial to?
the skeletomuscular system
50
What connective tissues are important in the skeletomuscular system? (3)
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
51
What are features of cartilage? (2)
- adds protection via shock absorption
- firm, smooth, non vascular
52
What are examples of cartilage? (3)
- elastic cartilage
- fibrous cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
53
What are features of ligaments? (4)
- connect bone to bone to form a joint
- provide stability to joints
- resist unwanted movement at joints
- are strong, fibrous bonds of connective tissue
54
What are features of tendons? (3)
- connect muscles to bone
- adds stability
- round band of connective tissue
55
joints
where two or more bones articulate with each other
56
function of joints
increase mobility of body and limbs
57
How many types of joints are there?
3
58
What are the 3 types of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
59
What is a distinct feature of fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
no joint cavity/space between bone
60
What is a distinct feature of synovial joints?
joint cavity
61
What are the features of a fibrous joint? (3)
- no movement
- joint is stable
- holds bones
62
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
sutures in skull
63
What are the features of a cartilaginous joint? (3)
- limited movement
- less stable compared to fibrous
- holds bones
64
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
bone of vertebrae
65
What are features of a synovial joint? (4)
- substantial movement
- least stable
- space between bones
- most common
66
What are examples of synovial joints? (2)
- knee
- hip
67
What are the parts of a synovial joint? (6)
- articular capsule
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
- bursae
- meniscus
68
articular capsule
strong tissue covering the joint that gives the joint stability and stops the unwanted material from entering
69
articular cartilage
smooth cartilage on the ends of bones that reduce friction
70
synovial membrane
lines the inside of the capsule and produces synovial fluid
71
joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
fluid inside the joint cavity that lubricates and cushions ends of bones, provides nutrients, and removes debris
72
bursae
sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction
73
meniscus
crescent shaped pad of cartilage prevents wear and provides cushioning
74
How many types of synovial joints are there?
6
75
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- gliding
- hinge
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball and socket
- pivot
76
gliding joint
occurs between flatter bones, allow sliding motion between joints
77
saddle joint
like rider sitting on saddle, allows 2 planes of motion
78
hinge joint
concave bone sits in a convex bone, with 1 plane of motion (flexion and extension)
79
ball and socket joint
ball shaped bone fits into rounded cavity, moves in nearly all directions
80
pivot joint
round bone rolls in ring of another bone, allow rotation, supination, and pronation
81
condyloid joint
oval convex bone fits into oval concave bone, two planes of motion
82
What are examples of the gliding joint? (2)
- between carpals
- between intervertebral joints
83
What are examples of the hinge joint? (3)
- elbow
- ankle
- phalanges
84
What are examples of the condyloid joint? (2)
- between radius and carpals
- between skull and first vertebra
85
What are examples of the saddle joint?
carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
86
What are examples of the ball and socket joint? (2)
- hip
- shoulder
87
What are examples of the pivot joint?
- radius and ulna (radioulnar joint)
88
What are the various functions of muscles? (4)
- cause joint movement
- stabilize and maintain body positions
- move substances within the body
- generate up to 85% of body heat
89
What are the general characteristics of muscle tissue? (7)
- contractability
- extensibility
- elasticity
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- controlled by nerves
- fed by capillaries
90
contractability
ability to shorten
91
extensibility
ability to lengthen
92
elasticity
ability to return to normal size
93
atrophy
wasting away of muscle
94
hypertrophy
increase in size of muscle
95
controlled by nerves
requires an impulse to initiate movement
96
fed by capillaries
blood carries oxygen and nutrients to muscle (also carries away carbon dioxide and waste)
97
How many types of muscles are there?
3
98
What are the three types of muscles? (3)
- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
99
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? (5)
- specialized for contraction
- located in hollow organs
- involuntary
- not striated
- single nucleus
100
Where can smooth muscle be located?
the intestines
101
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle? (4)
- involuntary
- striated
- single nucleus
- stimulated intrinsically
102
What where can cardiac muscle be located?
the heart
103
What does it mean to be stimulated intrinsically?
to be stimulated by the heart itself
104
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle? (5)
- used for movement
- voluntary
- multinucleated
- striated in appearance
- attached to bone by tendon
105
Where can skeletal muscle be located?
covering bones
106
What are the structural components of a skeletal muscle? (8)
- epimysium
- perimysium
- endomysium
- muscle fiber
- myofibril
- sarcomere
- actin
- myosin
107
perimysium
surrounds bundles of muscle fibers
108
epimysium
outer surrounding layer of muscle
109
endomysium
surrounds individual muscle fibers
110
muscle fiber
single muscle cell that allows for muscle movement
111
myofibril
contractile fibers that extend the length of the cell
112
sarcomere
smallest contracting unit of a myofibril made of actin and myosin
113
actin
a globular protein that contributes to muscle contraction
114
myosin
fibrous protein that works with actin in muscle contraction
115
What are the two attachment points of a muscle to a bone called? (2)
- origin
- insertion
116
origin
attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
117
insertion
attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
118
What muscles are in the quad group? (4)
- rectus femoris
- vastus intermedialis
- vastus medialus
- vastus lateralis
119
What muscles are in the hamstring group? (3)
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
120
