Unit 1: Anatomy Flashcards
musculoskeletal system
the skeletal and muscular system
anatomy
science of bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living things
anatomical body position
standing upright, facing straight ahead with palms forward
fundamental position
same as anatomical position with arms related and palms facing body
What are the components of the skeletal system structure? (4)
- bone
- ligaments
- tendons
- cartilage
What are some functions of the skeletal system? (4)
- protect vital organs
- support and maintenance of posture
- produces attachment point for muscles
- storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorous
Axial Skeleton Function (3)
- protection
- support
- attachment sites for muscles
What bones are in the axial skeleton? (4)
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
- vertebral column
What bones are in the vertebral column? (5)
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccyx
What does the prefix for “meta” mean?
middle
What are examples of axial bones and their functions? (2)
- skull: protection of vital organs
- vertebral column: support and maintenance of posture/structures
Appendicular Skeleton Function
movement
What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton? (14)
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
- pelvic girdle
- pectoral girdle
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsals
- metatarsals
What are the components of the pelvic girdle? (3)
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
What are the components of the pectoral girdle? (2)
- scapula
- clavicle
What are examples of appendicular bones and their function? (2)
- humerus: attaches muscles for movement of the arm, hand, and elbow
- patella: helps leg extensions and protect knee joint
How many classes of bone are there?
4
What are the 4 classes of bone?
- long
- short
- irregular
- flat
What are the characteristics of the long bone? (4)
- longer
- works as levers
- have long cylindrical shafts with enlarged ends
- are essential to movement
What are examples of long bones? (2)
- femur
- humerus
What are features of short bones? (3)
- small, compact, and cube shaped
- articulate with less >1 bone
- provide strength and stability
What are examples of short bones? (2)
- carpals
- tarsals
What are the features of flat bones? (3)
- curved flat surface
- protect organs
- allow muscle attachment
What are examples of flat bones? (4)
- skull
- ribs
- sternum
- scapula
What are the features of irregular bones? (2)
- bones that don’t all in the other categories
- vary in size, shape, and surface area
What is an example of an irregular bone?
vertebral bones
What is bone made of? (4)
- mostly made of collagen, calcium phosphate, can calcium carbonate
- several layers (dense to porous)
- cartilage on ends for shock absorption
- bone ends contain red marrow which makes blood cells
What are the components of the long bone? (10)
- epiphysis
- articular cartilage
- spongy bone
- red bone marrow
- diaphysis
- compact bone
- blood vessels
- periosteum
- marrow cavity
- yellow marrow
epiphysis
ends made of spongy bone
articular cartilage
covers ends reducing friction and absorbing shock
spongy bone (2)
- latticed structure that helps resist the stress from weight and change in posture
- contains red marrow
red bone marrow
makes red blood cells
diaphysis
middle region containing compact bone, has a central cavity that resists bending forces
compact bone
bone that is solid and dense for protection and support
blood vessels (in long bone)
provides blood and nutrients to marrow and compact bone
periosteum
white membrane surrounding bone providing nutrients and cells needed for growth after fracture
marrow cavity
space within diaphysis for storing yellow bone marrow
yellow marrow
stores fat
anterior
front side
posterior
back side
distal
further from origin
proximal
closer to origin
superior
toward the head
inferior
toward the feet
lateral
further from midline
medial
towards the midline
What are some features of connective tissue? (3)
- most abundant
- diverse in structure and function
- varied
What are examples of connective tissue? (4)
- bone
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
What is connective tissue crucial to?
the skeletomuscular system
What connective tissues are important in the skeletomuscular system? (3)
- cartilage
- tendons
- ligaments
What are features of cartilage? (2)
- adds protection via shock absorption
- firm, smooth, non vascular
What are examples of cartilage? (3)
- elastic cartilage
- fibrous cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
What are features of ligaments? (4)
- connect bone to bone to form a joint
- provide stability to joints
- resist unwanted movement at joints
- are strong, fibrous bonds of connective tissue
What are features of tendons? (3)
- connect muscles to bone
- adds stability
- round band of connective tissue
joints
where two or more bones articulate with each other
function of joints
increase mobility of body and limbs
How many types of joints are there?
3
What are the 3 types of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
What is a distinct feature of fibrous and cartilaginous joints?
no joint cavity/space between bone
What is a distinct feature of synovial joints?
joint cavity
What are the features of a fibrous joint? (3)
- no movement
- joint is stable
- holds bones
What is an example of a fibrous joint?
sutures in skull
What are the features of a cartilaginous joint? (3)
- limited movement
- less stable compared to fibrous
- holds bones
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?
bone of vertebrae
What are features of a synovial joint? (4)
- substantial movement
- least stable
- space between bones
- most common
What are examples of synovial joints? (2)
- knee
- hip
What are the parts of a synovial joint? (6)
- articular capsule
- articular cartilage
- synovial membrane
- joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
- bursae
- meniscus
articular capsule
strong tissue covering the joint that gives the joint stability and stops the unwanted material from entering
articular cartilage
smooth cartilage on the ends of bones that reduce friction
synovial membrane
lines the inside of the capsule and produces synovial fluid
joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
fluid inside the joint cavity that lubricates and cushions ends of bones, provides nutrients, and removes debris
bursae
sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction
meniscus
crescent shaped pad of cartilage prevents wear and provides cushioning
How many types of synovial joints are there?
6
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- gliding
- hinge
- condyloid
- saddle
- ball and socket
- pivot
gliding joint
occurs between flatter bones, allow sliding motion between joints
saddle joint
like rider sitting on saddle, allows 2 planes of motion
hinge joint
concave bone sits in a convex bone, with 1 plane of motion (flexion and extension)
ball and socket joint
ball shaped bone fits into rounded cavity, moves in nearly all directions
pivot joint
round bone rolls in ring of another bone, allow rotation, supination, and pronation
condyloid joint
oval convex bone fits into oval concave bone, two planes of motion
What are examples of the gliding joint? (2)
- between carpals
- between intervertebral joints
What are examples of the hinge joint? (3)
- elbow
- ankle
- phalanges
What are examples of the condyloid joint? (2)
- between radius and carpals
- between skull and first vertebra
What are examples of the saddle joint?
carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
What are examples of the ball and socket joint? (2)
- hip
- shoulder
What are examples of the pivot joint?
- radius and ulna (radioulnar joint)
What are the various functions of muscles? (4)
- cause joint movement
- stabilize and maintain body positions
- move substances within the body
- generate up to 85% of body heat
What are the general characteristics of muscle tissue? (7)
- contractability
- extensibility
- elasticity
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- controlled by nerves
- fed by capillaries
contractability
ability to shorten
extensibility
ability to lengthen
elasticity
ability to return to normal size
atrophy
wasting away of muscle
hypertrophy
increase in size of muscle
controlled by nerves
requires an impulse to initiate movement
fed by capillaries
blood carries oxygen and nutrients to muscle (also carries away carbon dioxide and waste)
How many types of muscles are there?
3
What are the three types of muscles? (3)
- smooth
- cardiac
- skeletal
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? (5)
- specialized for contraction
- located in hollow organs
- involuntary
- not striated
- single nucleus
Where can smooth muscle be located?
the intestines
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle? (4)
- involuntary
- striated
- single nucleus
- stimulated intrinsically
What where can cardiac muscle be located?
the heart
What does it mean to be stimulated intrinsically?
to be stimulated by the heart itself
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle? (5)
- used for movement
- voluntary
- multinucleated
- striated in appearance
- attached to bone by tendon
Where can skeletal muscle be located?
covering bones
What are the structural components of a skeletal muscle? (8)
- epimysium
- perimysium
- endomysium
- muscle fiber
- myofibril
- sarcomere
- actin
- myosin
perimysium
surrounds bundles of muscle fibers
epimysium
outer surrounding layer of muscle
endomysium
surrounds individual muscle fibers
muscle fiber
single muscle cell that allows for muscle movement
myofibril
contractile fibers that extend the length of the cell
sarcomere
smallest contracting unit of a myofibril made of actin and myosin
actin
a globular protein that contributes to muscle contraction
myosin
fibrous protein that works with actin in muscle contraction
What are the two attachment points of a muscle to a bone called? (2)
- origin
- insertion
origin
attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone
insertion
attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
What muscles are in the quad group? (4)
- rectus femoris
- vastus intermedialis
- vastus medialus
- vastus lateralis
What muscles are in the hamstring group? (3)
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus