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IB SL Sport Exercise Health Science I > Unit 1: Anatomy > Flashcards

Unit 1: Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

the skeletal and muscular system

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2
Q

anatomy

A

science of bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living things

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3
Q

anatomical body position

A

standing upright, facing straight ahead with palms forward

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4
Q

fundamental position

A

same as anatomical position with arms related and palms facing body

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5
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system structure? (4)

A
  • bone
  • ligaments
  • tendons
  • cartilage
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6
Q

What are some functions of the skeletal system? (4)

A
  • protect vital organs
  • support and maintenance of posture
  • produces attachment point for muscles
  • storage and release of minerals like calcium and phosphorous
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7
Q

Axial Skeleton Function (3)

A
  • protection
  • support
  • attachment sites for muscles
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8
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton? (4)

A
  • skull
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • vertebral column
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9
Q

What bones are in the vertebral column? (5)

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
  • coccyx
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10
Q

What does the prefix for “meta” mean?

A

middle

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11
Q

What are examples of axial bones and their functions? (2)

A
  • skull: protection of vital organs
  • vertebral column: support and maintenance of posture/structures
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12
Q

Appendicular Skeleton Function

A

movement

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13
Q

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton? (14)

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
  • pelvic girdle
  • pectoral girdle
  • femur
  • patella
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
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14
Q

What are the components of the pelvic girdle? (3)

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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15
Q

What are the components of the pectoral girdle? (2)

A
  • scapula
  • clavicle
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16
Q

What are examples of appendicular bones and their function? (2)

A
  • humerus: attaches muscles for movement of the arm, hand, and elbow
  • patella: helps leg extensions and protect knee joint
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17
Q

How many classes of bone are there?

A

4

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18
Q

What are the 4 classes of bone?

A
  • long
  • short
  • irregular
  • flat
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of the long bone? (4)

A
  • longer
  • works as levers
  • have long cylindrical shafts with enlarged ends
  • are essential to movement
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20
Q

What are examples of long bones? (2)

A
  • femur
  • humerus
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21
Q

What are features of short bones? (3)

A
  • small, compact, and cube shaped
  • articulate with less >1 bone
  • provide strength and stability
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22
Q

What are examples of short bones? (2)

A
  • carpals
  • tarsals
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23
Q

What are the features of flat bones? (3)

A
  • curved flat surface
  • protect organs
  • allow muscle attachment
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24
Q

What are examples of flat bones? (4)

A
  • skull
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • scapula
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25
Q

What are the features of irregular bones? (2)

A
  • bones that don’t all in the other categories
  • vary in size, shape, and surface area
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26
Q

What is an example of an irregular bone?

A

vertebral bones

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27
Q

What is bone made of? (4)

A
  • mostly made of collagen, calcium phosphate, can calcium carbonate
  • several layers (dense to porous)
  • cartilage on ends for shock absorption
  • bone ends contain red marrow which makes blood cells
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28
Q

What are the components of the long bone? (10)

A
  • epiphysis
  • articular cartilage
  • spongy bone
  • red bone marrow
  • diaphysis
  • compact bone
  • blood vessels
  • periosteum
  • marrow cavity
  • yellow marrow
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29
Q

epiphysis

A

ends made of spongy bone

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30
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers ends reducing friction and absorbing shock

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31
Q

spongy bone (2)

A
  • latticed structure that helps resist the stress from weight and change in posture
  • contains red marrow
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32
Q

red bone marrow

A

makes red blood cells

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33
Q

diaphysis

A

middle region containing compact bone, has a central cavity that resists bending forces

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34
Q

compact bone

A

bone that is solid and dense for protection and support

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35
Q

blood vessels (in long bone)

A

provides blood and nutrients to marrow and compact bone

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36
Q

periosteum

A

white membrane surrounding bone providing nutrients and cells needed for growth after fracture

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37
Q

marrow cavity

A

space within diaphysis for storing yellow bone marrow

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38
Q

yellow marrow

A

stores fat

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39
Q

anterior

A

front side

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40
Q

posterior

A

back side

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41
Q

distal

A

further from origin

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42
Q

proximal

A

closer to origin

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43
Q

superior

A

toward the head

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44
Q

inferior

A

toward the feet

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45
Q

lateral

A

further from midline

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46
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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47
Q

What are some features of connective tissue? (3)

A
  • most abundant
  • diverse in structure and function
  • varied
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48
Q

What are examples of connective tissue? (4)

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
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49
Q

What is connective tissue crucial to?

A

the skeletomuscular system

50
Q

What connective tissues are important in the skeletomuscular system? (3)

A
  • cartilage
  • tendons
  • ligaments
51
Q

What are features of cartilage? (2)

A
  • adds protection via shock absorption
  • firm, smooth, non vascular
52
Q

What are examples of cartilage? (3)

A
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrous cartilage
  • hyaline cartilage
53
Q

What are features of ligaments? (4)

A
  • connect bone to bone to form a joint
  • provide stability to joints
  • resist unwanted movement at joints
  • are strong, fibrous bonds of connective tissue
54
Q

What are features of tendons? (3)

A
  • connect muscles to bone
  • adds stability
  • round band of connective tissue
55
Q

joints

A

where two or more bones articulate with each other

56
Q

function of joints

A

increase mobility of body and limbs

57
Q

How many types of joints are there?

58
Q

What are the 3 types of joints?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
59
Q

What is a distinct feature of fibrous and cartilaginous joints?

A

no joint cavity/space between bone

60
Q

What is a distinct feature of synovial joints?

A

joint cavity

61
Q

What are the features of a fibrous joint? (3)

A
  • no movement
  • joint is stable
  • holds bones
62
Q

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

A

sutures in skull

63
Q

What are the features of a cartilaginous joint? (3)

A
  • limited movement
  • less stable compared to fibrous
  • holds bones
64
Q

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

A

bone of vertebrae

65
Q

What are features of a synovial joint? (4)

A
  • substantial movement
  • least stable
  • space between bones
  • most common
66
Q

What are examples of synovial joints? (2)

67
Q

What are the parts of a synovial joint? (6)

A
  • articular capsule
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane
  • joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
  • bursae
  • meniscus
68
Q

articular capsule

A

strong tissue covering the joint that gives the joint stability and stops the unwanted material from entering

69
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth cartilage on the ends of bones that reduce friction

70
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines the inside of the capsule and produces synovial fluid

71
Q

joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

A

fluid inside the joint cavity that lubricates and cushions ends of bones, provides nutrients, and removes debris

72
Q

bursae

A

sacs of synovial fluid that reduce friction

73
Q

meniscus

A

crescent shaped pad of cartilage prevents wear and provides cushioning

74
Q

How many types of synovial joints are there?

75
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  • gliding
  • hinge
  • condyloid
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
  • pivot
76
Q

gliding joint

A

occurs between flatter bones, allow sliding motion between joints

77
Q

saddle joint

A

like rider sitting on saddle, allows 2 planes of motion

78
Q

hinge joint

A

concave bone sits in a convex bone, with 1 plane of motion (flexion and extension)

79
Q

ball and socket joint

A

ball shaped bone fits into rounded cavity, moves in nearly all directions

80
Q

pivot joint

A

round bone rolls in ring of another bone, allow rotation, supination, and pronation

81
Q

condyloid joint

A

oval convex bone fits into oval concave bone, two planes of motion

82
Q

What are examples of the gliding joint? (2)

A
  • between carpals
  • between intervertebral joints
83
Q

What are examples of the hinge joint? (3)

A
  • elbow
  • ankle
  • phalanges
84
Q

What are examples of the condyloid joint? (2)

A
  • between radius and carpals
  • between skull and first vertebra
85
Q

What are examples of the saddle joint?

A

carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

86
Q

What are examples of the ball and socket joint? (2)

A
  • hip
  • shoulder
87
Q

What are examples of the pivot joint?

A
  • radius and ulna (radioulnar joint)
88
Q

What are the various functions of muscles? (4)

A
  • cause joint movement
  • stabilize and maintain body positions
  • move substances within the body
  • generate up to 85% of body heat
89
Q

What are the general characteristics of muscle tissue? (7)

A
  • contractability
  • extensibility
  • elasticity
  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • controlled by nerves
  • fed by capillaries
90
Q

contractability

A

ability to shorten

91
Q

extensibility

A

ability to lengthen

92
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to normal size

93
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away of muscle

94
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of muscle

95
Q

controlled by nerves

A

requires an impulse to initiate movement

96
Q

fed by capillaries

A

blood carries oxygen and nutrients to muscle (also carries away carbon dioxide and waste)

97
Q

How many types of muscles are there?

98
Q

What are the three types of muscles? (3)

A
  • smooth
  • cardiac
  • skeletal
99
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle? (5)

A
  • specialized for contraction
  • located in hollow organs
  • involuntary
  • not striated
  • single nucleus
100
Q

Where can smooth muscle be located?

A

the intestines

101
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle? (4)

A
  • involuntary
  • striated
  • single nucleus
  • stimulated intrinsically
102
Q

What where can cardiac muscle be located?

103
Q

What does it mean to be stimulated intrinsically?

A

to be stimulated by the heart itself

104
Q

What are some characteristics of skeletal muscle? (5)

A
  • used for movement
  • voluntary
  • multinucleated
  • striated in appearance
  • attached to bone by tendon
105
Q

Where can skeletal muscle be located?

A

covering bones

106
Q

What are the structural components of a skeletal muscle? (8)

A
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
  • muscle fiber
  • myofibril
  • sarcomere
  • actin
  • myosin
107
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds bundles of muscle fibers

108
Q

epimysium

A

outer surrounding layer of muscle

109
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers

110
Q

muscle fiber

A

single muscle cell that allows for muscle movement

111
Q

myofibril

A

contractile fibers that extend the length of the cell

112
Q

sarcomere

A

smallest contracting unit of a myofibril made of actin and myosin

113
Q

actin

A

a globular protein that contributes to muscle contraction

114
Q

myosin

A

fibrous protein that works with actin in muscle contraction

115
Q

What are the two attachment points of a muscle to a bone called? (2)

A
  • origin
  • insertion
116
Q

origin

A

attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone

117
Q

insertion

A

attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone

118
Q

What muscles are in the quad group? (4)

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus intermedialis
  • vastus medialus
  • vastus lateralis
119
Q

What muscles are in the hamstring group? (3)

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus

IB SL Sport Exercise Health Science I (9 decks)

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