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Biology > Unit 5 (Georgia standard): Patterns of heredity and selection > Flashcards

Unit 5 (Georgia standard): Patterns of heredity and selection Flashcards

reproduction, meiosis, sexual vs asexual repro, sex, and asex. pro vs con, chromosomes, chromosome mutation, alleles & inherited traits

1
Q

Zygote

A

Fetus
Egg w/ sperm

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction involves a single cell (or parent) ___ to make ___ ___ cells (or offspring)

A

dividing, 2 identical

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction creates ___

A

clones

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4
Q

Sexual reproductions offspring are ___

A

unique

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5
Q

___ is the process that makes gametes (sex cells)

A

Meiosis

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6
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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7
Q

Sex cells

A

Eggs and sperm

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction does not require a ___

A

Partner

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction is ___ and easier since it requires ___ ___

A

faster, less energy

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10
Q

Asexual reproduction has an advantage in a ___ environment

A

Stable

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11
Q

asexual reproduction has less room for ___ because it doesn’t go through meiosis

A

mutations

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12
Q

In asexual reproduction offspring genetically ___ to the parent and the other offspring

A

identical

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13
Q

Sexual reproduction provides genetic ___ within a species because the offspring are genetically ___/___ from the parents and the other offspring

A

variation, different/unique

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction has an advantage in ___ environments

A

Unstable

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction allows for the population to survive in ___ environments

A

changing

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction has a ___ risk of mutations because it goes through ___

A

higher, meiosis

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17
Q

Sexual reproduction requires ___ time and energy to find a ___/___, carry the offspring, and ___ for the offspring

A

more, partner/mate, care

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18
Q

Most prokaryotes reproduce ___ by ___ ___ which produces ___/___ offspring

A

asexually, binary fission, identical/clone

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19
Q

Binary fission occurs in 3 simple stages. What are these 3 stages?

A

DNA is copied (replication)
Cell begins to divide
2 identical daughter cells are formed

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20
Q

Some eukaryotes can reproduce ___ or ___, depending on environmental ___

A

sexually, asexually, factors

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21
Q

How many TYPES of chromosomes are there?

A

2

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22
Q

Sex chromosomes determine the ___/___ of an organism

A

sex/gender

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23
Q

In humans, you get ___ sex chromosomes which are either ___ or ___

A

2, X, Y

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24
Q

Female chromosomes are ___ ___

A

XX

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25
Q

Male chromosomes are ___ ___

A

XY

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of chromosomes?

A

Sex and autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)

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27
Q

Humans have how many chromosomes? How many are autosomes? How many are sex chromosomes? How many chromosome pairs?

A

46, 44, 2, 23

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28
Q

Organisms get ___ copy of each chromosome from each parent giving 2 copies called ___ chromosomes

A

1, homologous

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29
Q

Homologous chromosomes are the same ___, ___, and carry the ___ ___ ___ ___

A

size, shape, same type of info

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30
Q

You get 1 chromosome from each your ___ and your ___

A

mom and dad

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31
Q

Used to examine an individual’s chromosomes

A

Karyotype

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32
Q

Chromosome count of the cell

A

Ploidy

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33
Q

Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid

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34
Q

Example of a diploid

A

Somatic (body) cells

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35
Q

Cells that have 1 sets of chromosomes

36
Q

Example of a haploid

A

Eggs and sperm (gametes)

37
Q

Meiosis occurs in what 2 stages?

A

Meiosis I & II (IPMATCPMATC)

38
Q

Meiosis I separates ___ chromosomes

A

homologous

39
Q

Meiosis II separates the ___ chromatids

40
Q

Cell division is another name for ___ ___

A

cellular reproduction

41
Q

In mitosis both the parent and daughter cells are ____ (___n)

A

Diploids (2n)

42
Q

In meiosis, while the parent cells are ___(___n), the daughter cells are ___ (___n)

A

diploids (2n), haploids (1n)

43
Q

The cell cycle (mitosis) makes what type of cells?

A

somatic cells/body cells

44
Q

Binary fission makes what type of cell?

A

An identical prokaryotic cell

45
Q

mitosis has how many division steps?

46
Q

meiosis has how many division steps?

47
Q

binary fission has how many division steps?

48
Q

mitosis make how many cells at a time?

49
Q

meiosis makes how many cells at a time?

50
Q

binary fission makes how many cells at a time?

51
Q

daughter cells is mitosis are ___ to the parent cell

52
Q

daughter cells is meiosis are ___ to the parent cell

53
Q

daughter cells is binary fission are ___ to the parent cell

54
Q

the end result in binary fission is ___

55
Q

the loss or removal of a portion of a chromosome or the entire chromosome

56
Q

to duplicate/copy a mutation that doubles a portion of a chromosome

A

duplication

57
Q

occurs when a chromosome segment breaks off, flips around backwards, and then reattaches

58
Q

occurs when a portion of a chromosome changes positions within its chromosome or moves to another chromosome

A

translocation

59
Q

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division resulting in a missing or extra chromosome

A

Nondisjunction

60
Q

Down syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

Nondisjunction

61
Q

Triple X syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

Nondisjunction

62
Q

Kleinfelter’s syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

Nondisjunction

63
Q

Jacob’s syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

Nondisjunction

64
Q

Patau syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

translocation

65
Q

Roberstsonian translocations is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

translocation

66
Q

Hunter syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

67
Q

Hemophilia is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

68
Q

Turner syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

69
Q

Phelan - McDermid syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

70
Q

MECP2 duplication syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

duplication

71
Q

Charcot - Marie - Tooth disease is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___

A

duplication

72
Q

Down syndrome is caused by nondisjunction on ___ ___

A

trisomy 21

73
Q

Triple X syndrome is caused by nondisjunction on ___ ___

A

trisomy 23

74
Q

Any inheritable characteristic of an organism

75
Q

A segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait

76
Q

Different versions (or forms) of a particular gene (trait)

77
Q

Individuals having the same alleles for a particular trait

A

Homozygous/purebred

78
Q

Individuals having different alleles for a particular trait

A

Heterozygous/hybrid

79
Q

the set of alleles for a gene (cannot see it)

A

genotype/genetic code

80
Q

Physical appearance or expression of a trait (can see it)

81
Q

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

A

Inheritance

82
Q

Allele that masks (covers up) a recessive allele if present

A

Dominant allele

83
Q

Allele that will NOT be expressed IF a dominant allele is present. In other words, it is masked.

A

Recessive allele

84
Q

Who is the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

85
Q

Which Mendel rule is that recessive alleles will be hidden by dominant alleles

A

Principle of Dominance

86
Q

Which Mendel rule is that only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete

A

Law of segregation

87
Q

The part of meiosis that the law of segregation occurs in is ___ ___ when the sister chromatids are separated

A

anaphase II

Biology (10 decks)

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