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Biology > Unit 5 (Georgia standard): Patterns of heredity and selection > Flashcards

Unit 5 (Georgia standard): Patterns of heredity and selection Flashcards

reproduction, meiosis, sexual vs asexual repro, sex, and asex. pro vs con, chromosomes, chromosome mutation, alleles & inherited traits

1
Q

Zygote

A

Fetus
Egg w/ sperm

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction involves a single cell (or parent) ___ to make ___ ___ cells (or offspring)

A

dividing, 2 identical

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction creates ___

A

clones

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4
Q

Sexual reproductions offspring are ___

A

unique

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5
Q

___ is the process that makes gametes (sex cells)

A

Meiosis

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6
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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7
Q

Sex cells

A

Eggs and sperm

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8
Q

Asexual reproduction does not require a ___

A

Partner

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9
Q

Asexual reproduction is ___ and easier since it requires ___ ___

A

faster, less energy

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10
Q

Asexual reproduction has an advantage in a ___ environment

A

Stable

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11
Q

asexual reproduction has less room for ___ because it doesn’t go through meiosis

A

mutations

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12
Q

In asexual reproduction offspring genetically ___ to the parent and the other offspring

A

identical

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13
Q

Sexual reproduction provides genetic ___ within a species because the offspring are genetically ___/___ from the parents and the other offspring

A

variation, different/unique

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction has an advantage in ___ environments

A

Unstable

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction allows for the population to survive in ___ environments

A

changing

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction has a ___ risk of mutations because it goes through ___

A

higher, meiosis

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17
Q

Sexual reproduction requires ___ time and energy to find a ___/___, carry the offspring, and ___ for the offspring

A

more, partner/mate, care

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18
Q

Most prokaryotes reproduce ___ by ___ ___ which produces ___/___ offspring

A

asexually, binary fission, identical/clone

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19
Q

Binary fission occurs in 3 simple stages. What are these 3 stages?

A

DNA is copied (replication)
Cell begins to divide
2 identical daughter cells are formed

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20
Q

Some eukaryotes can reproduce ___ or ___, depending on environmental ___

A

sexually, asexually, factors

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21
Q

How many TYPES of chromosomes are there?

A

2

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22
Q

Sex chromosomes determine the ___/___ of an organism

A

sex/gender

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23
Q

In humans, you get ___ sex chromosomes which are either ___ or ___

A

2, X, Y

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24
Q

Female chromosomes are ___ ___

A

XX

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25
Male chromosomes are ___ ___
XY
26
What are the 2 types of chromosomes?
Sex and autosomes (non-sex chromosomes)
27
Humans have how many chromosomes? How many are autosomes? How many are sex chromosomes? How many chromosome pairs?
46, 44, 2, 23
28
Organisms get ___ copy of each chromosome from each parent giving 2 copies called ___ chromosomes
1, homologous
29
Homologous chromosomes are the same ___, ___, and carry the ___ ___ ___ ___
size, shape, same type of info
30
You get 1 chromosome from each your ___ and your ___
mom and dad
31
Used to examine an individual's chromosomes
Karyotype
32
Chromosome count of the cell
Ploidy
33
Cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes
Diploid
34
Example of a diploid
Somatic (body) cells
35
Cells that have 1 sets of chromosomes
Haploid
36
Example of a haploid
Eggs and sperm (gametes)
37
Meiosis occurs in what 2 stages?
Meiosis I & II (IPMATCPMATC)
38
Meiosis I separates ___ chromosomes
homologous
39
Meiosis II separates the ___ chromatids
sister
40
Cell division is another name for ___ ___
cellular reproduction
41
In mitosis both the parent and daughter cells are ____ (___n)
Diploids (2n)
42
In meiosis, while the parent cells are ___(___n), the daughter cells are ___ (___n)
diploids (2n), haploids (1n)
43
The cell cycle (mitosis) makes what type of cells?
somatic cells/body cells
44
Binary fission makes what type of cell?
An identical prokaryotic cell
45
mitosis has how many division steps?
1
46
meiosis has how many division steps?
2
47
binary fission has how many division steps?
1
48
mitosis make how many cells at a time?
2
49
meiosis makes how many cells at a time?
4
50
binary fission makes how many cells at a time?
2
51
daughter cells is mitosis are ___ to the parent cell
identical
52
daughter cells is meiosis are ___ to the parent cell
unique
53
daughter cells is binary fission are ___ to the parent cell
identical
54
the end result in binary fission is ___
offspring
55
the loss or removal of a portion of a chromosome or the entire chromosome
deletion
56
to duplicate/copy a mutation that doubles a portion of a chromosome
duplication
57
occurs when a chromosome segment breaks off, flips around backwards, and then reattaches
inversion
58
occurs when a portion of a chromosome changes positions within its chromosome or moves to another chromosome
translocation
59
Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division resulting in a missing or extra chromosome
Nondisjunction
60
Down syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
Nondisjunction
61
Triple X syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
Nondisjunction
62
Kleinfelter's syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
Nondisjunction
63
Jacob's syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
Nondisjunction
64
Patau syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
translocation
65
Roberstsonian translocations is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
translocation
66
Hunter syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
inversion
67
Hemophilia is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
inversion
68
Turner syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
deletion
69
Phelan - McDermid syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
deletion
70
MECP2 duplication syndrome is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
duplication
71
Charcot - Marie - Tooth disease is caused by the chromosomal mutation ___
duplication
72
Down syndrome is caused by nondisjunction on ___ ___
trisomy 21
73
Triple X syndrome is caused by nondisjunction on ___ ___
trisomy 23
74
Any inheritable characteristic of an organism
Trait
75
A segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait
Gene
76
Different versions (or forms) of a particular gene (trait)
Alleles
77
Individuals having the same alleles for a particular trait
Homozygous/purebred
78
Individuals having different alleles for a particular trait
Heterozygous/hybrid
79
the set of alleles for a gene (cannot see it)
genotype/genetic code
80
Physical appearance or expression of a trait (can see it)
Phenotype
81
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
Inheritance
82
Allele that masks (covers up) a recessive allele if present
Dominant allele
83
Allele that will NOT be expressed IF a dominant allele is present. In other words, it is masked.
Recessive allele
84
Who is the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
85
Which Mendel rule is that recessive alleles will be hidden by dominant alleles
Principle of Dominance
86
Which Mendel rule is that only one of the two gene copies present in an organism is distributed to each gamete
Law of segregation
87
The part of meiosis that the law of segregation occurs in is ___ ___ when the sister chromatids are separated
anaphase II

Biology (10 decks)

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