Unit 2 (Georgia standard): Patterns in living systems Flashcards
Cell structures, cell count, cell wall material, macromolecules, enzymes, Prokaryote vs Eukaryote cells, Prokaryote & Eukaryote cells, Prokaryote & Eukaryote kingdoms, classification, cell organelles
What do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells don’t?
A nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What are the characteristics of the Plantae kingdom?
Multicellular, has a cell wall, is an autotroph
What are plant cell walls made out of?
Cellulose
How do plants gain nutrition?
Photosynthesis
What are the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom?
Multicellular, no cell wall, Heterotrophs
What are the characteristics of the Fungi kingdom?
Cell wall, Heterotrophs, Unicellular, Multicellular
What is the cell wall of fungi made of?
Chitin
Fungus are both___
Multicellular and Unicellular
Protists are a true kingdom or clade (True or False)
False
What are the characteristics of protists?
Unicellular, transitional organisms
What is a transitional organism?
An organism in between simple & complex organisms
What does “mixed up” mean when it comes to protists?
Are protists but can be like other organisms (Ex: Plants, animals, fungus)
What are the characteristics of bacteria?
(trophic, cell count,) (does it have protection?)
Unicellular, cell wall, autotrophs, heterotrophs
Does all bacteria have a cell wall?
No, but most still do
What is a bacteria cell wall made out of?
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria can be both___
Autotrophs & heterotrophs
Heterotrophic bacteria feed by___
Chemosynthesis
Some autotrophic bacteria can use___
Photosynthesis
Unicellular, cells walls, heterotrophs, autotrophs, can easily live in extreme areas
Characteristics of archaea
What was bacteria formally named?
Eubacteria
Not all archaea have cell walls (True or False)
True, most do but not all
What was archaea formally named?
Archaebacteria
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protists are all examples of___
Eukaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea are examples of___
Prokaryotes
A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
Clade
An organism capable of synthesizing (making) its OWN food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy.
autotroph
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming OTHER organisms
heterotroph
Made up of a single (1) cell
unicellular
Made up of more than one cell
multicellular
A taxonomic category above (broader than) the kingdom level
domain
Domain (and kingdom) of unicellular PROKARYOTES that have cell walls that do NOT contain peptidoglycan; extremophiles
Archaea
Domain and kingdom of unicellular PROKARYOTES that HAVE cell walls containing peptidoglycan
bacteria
Kingdom of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce by spores, have a cell wall made of chitin, and obtain food by breaking down substances and absorbing the nutrients
fungi/fungus
Kingdom of multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
Animalia/Animals
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms; includes plants, animals, fungi, protists. ALL species grouped in this domain HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Eukarya/Eukaryota/Eukaryotes
Kingdom of multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophs, that have cell walls containing cellulose
plantae/plants
Mostly unicellular organisms that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi; “misfits” as they are so hard to classify and are not a true clade
Protists/protista
protists are the ___
first eukaryotic cells to have developed on the planet
classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
binomial nomenclature
genus and species make up the ___
scientific name
An ancestral species from which later species evolved
common ancestor
Which two plant species are the most closely related?
a. Viola sororia and Iris cristata
b. Sanguinaria canadensis and Dicentra cucullaria
c. Rudbeckia hirta and Rudbeckia triloba
d. Sanguinaria canadensis and Solidago canadensis
c. Rudbeckia hirta and Rudbeckia triloba (Because of the genus, not all species main what they look like)
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
a. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by random events.
b. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by mutations.
c. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by gene flow.
d. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by natural selection.
a. Genetic drift is a change in the genetic makeup of populations caused by random events
What is Taxonomy?
The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns each organism a universally accepted name
What does DKPCOFGS stand for?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is a type of protein polymer?
Polypeptide chain
Enzymes are a type of protein T/F
True
Enzymes are proteins that___
Catalyze particular chemical reactions
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is a___
Catalyst
What does an enzyme do?
Lower a reaction’s activation energy
The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the___
Active site
Cell theory
All living things are made of cells, cells are the most basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells
ALL cells have these 4 things:
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material
Semi-permeable (selectively permeable), made of 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer), controls what goes in and out the cell
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
Made of protein, gives cell structure, provides internal support, can move organelles around
Cytoplasm
Semi-fluid, holds everything inside the cell in place
Nucleus
Contains genetic material, protects DNA found in the cell, surrounded by a nuclear envelope/membrane
Nucleolus
Inside the nucleus, makes rRNA (ribosomes)
Ribosomes
Made of protein, located in the rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm, makes proteins
Rough ER
Has ribosomes on its surface, surrounds the nucleus, makes protein, transports protein to the golgi
Golgi body/apparatus
Folded membrane, processes, sorts and ships proteins wherever needed
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down molecule that are harmful or not needed, can cause apoptosis (programmed cell death)
DKPCOFGS is known as the ____
Taxonomic levels
A species contains how many types of organisms?
one
What are the 4 types of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What is the monomer of lipids?
Fatty acids (glycerol)
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What are the elements of carbohydrates? What’s the ratio?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1
What are the elements of lipids? Are there any exceptions?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (Normal lipids)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus (The phospholipid bilayer/cell membrane)
What are the elements of proteins?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
What are the elements of nucleic acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
What is a polymer?
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
Examples of carbohydrates (Hint: CELL WALL!!!)
Sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin
Function of carbohydrates
Main source of energy (quick energy) and makes up most cell walls
Examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA, ATP
Examples of lipids
Fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes
Enzymes, antibodies, muscles, hair, nails
Examples of proteins
Function of proteins
Enzymes: biological catalysts-speed up chemical reactions, structure, movement (cytoskeleton, active transport)
Function of lipids
Long term energy storage and makes up cell membrane
Function of nucleic acid
Hold and stores genetic material
Enzymes are usually proteins. This means they are made of smaller units called ___ ___
Amino acids
What 3 factors can effect enzyme function?
Temp, pH, concentrate
What does denature mean?
Active site, changes shape, can’t work properly
Are enzymes altered/changed by the reaction?
No
Can enzymes be used more than once?
Yes
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Eukarya, Archea
How did prokaryotic cells evolve to become eukaryotic cells?
Endosymbiosis
Prokaryotes evolved into ___
eukaryotes
Unicellular organisms evolved into ___
Multicellular organisms
Simple organisms evolved into ___
Complex organisms
Aquatic organisms evolved into ___
terrestrial organisms
Substrate
The chemicals that an enzyme reacts with
What characteristics do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?
Cell wall, chloroplast, & large central vacuole
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
A large prokaryote engulfed a smaller prokaryote
What two organelles evolved from endosymbiosis?
The mitochondria & chloroplast
What characteristics do animal cells have that plant cells don’t?
Lysosomes, centrioles, and cilia & flagella
Do all animal cells have cilia & flagellum?
No
What animal cells have a flagellum?
Sperm
Macromolecules are aka ___
Biomolecules
What are the 3 types of bacterial cells?
Spirillum, coccus, and bacillus
Study of evolutionary relationships (history) among organisms
phylogeny
“Father of Modern Taxonomy”; he established binomial nomenclature and devised systems for classifying all organisms
Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus
Taxonomic group, for example kingdom or genus
Taxon
A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
species
A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; often used as a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group
cladogram/phylogenetic tree
A place where a branch splits off from the rest of the diagram; COMMON ANCESTOR, also represents divergent evolution/speciation
node
Traits that evolve in the lineage leading up to date
derived traits
Catalysts speed up ___ ___
chemical reactions
All life on Earth started as unicelluar, prokaryotic organisms. Which of these structures was vital for organisms to develop in order to evolve into more complex, multicellular organisms?
A nucleus
B cytoplasm
C cell membrane
D ribosomes
nucleus
