Unit 3 (Georgia standard): Maintaining homeostasis in living systems Flashcards
Photosynthesis & its stages, ATP & its structure, active &/vs passive transport, fermentation and its types, (cellular respiration, its types, and its stages), Mitochondria & chloroplast structure, osmosis
In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions occur in the ________________________ of the chloroplast and produces _______________________, whereas the Calvin Cycle occurs in the ___________________ of the chloroplast and produces_________________________.
thylakoids, O2, stroma, C6H12O6
Which would be the best evidence that a cell is using active transport to move molecules across its cell membrane?
ATP is being rapidly consumed near the cell membrane.
Which substances are most likely going to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?
carbon dioxide and oxygen
Which substance is a product of fermentation in human muscle cells?
A. Glucose
B. Oxygen
C. Lactic Acid
D. Alcohol
C. Lactic Acid
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
For your body to release energy for your body to use, energy bonds have to what?
Be broken
What does ATP do?
Carries/stores energy for cell functions
What macromolecule is ATP?
Nucleic acid
What is the structure of ATP?
A nitrogen base, sugar ring, and three phosphate groups
What is another name for the nitrogen base in ATP?
nitrogenous base
What is another name for the sugar in ATP?
5 carbon sugar, sugar ring
What are the 3 phosphate groups in ATP held together with?
High energy bonds
What is the “energy carrying part” of the molecule ATP?
The 3 phosphates
Energy is released when what is removed from ATP?
A phosphate group
ADP is changed back into ATP when what is added back?
A phosphate group
What does ADP stand for?
Adenosine Diphosphate
where is energy stored in atp?
high energy bonds
where does photosynthesis occur?
the chloroplast
what are the 3 stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
ETC (Electron transport chain), Krebs cycle, glycolysis
What are the two types of anaerobic respiration?
lactic acid, alcoholic
during cellular respiration, where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
What organism’s cells go through alcoholic fermentation?
yeast and some bacteria
cellular respiration is a process that releases energy (in the form of atp) by breaking down ___
Glucose
Process whose reactants are C6H1206 + O2
Cellular respiration
The light independent reactions of photosynthesis are also called the ___ cycle
Calvin
The mitochondria has a folded inner membrane called the ___
Cristae
The insides of the cristae is called the ___
Matrix
What is the green pigment found inside the thylakoid of the chloroplast?
Chlorophyll
Process whose products are CO2+H2O+ATP
Cellular respiration
Energy in ATP is ___ by breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd ___ ___
released, phosphate group
What are the 3 parts of a molecule of ATP?
Nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups
What organisms go through cellular respiration?
All
Another name for anaerobic respiration is ___
Fermentation
Process whose products are C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
Where does most of the cellular respiration occur? (Krebs cycle & ETC)
Mitochondria
The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___
Thylakoid
Glycolysis is the breakdown of a molecule of ___ into 2 molecules of ___ ___
glucose, pyruvic acid
Aerobic occurs ___ with oxygen, while anaerobic occurs ___ oxygen
With, without
ATP is the ___ molecule
Energy
The light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the ___
Stroma
What organism’s cells go through lactic acid fermentation?
Animals
Process whose reactants are sunlight, water, and CO2
Photosynthesis
When a molecule of ATP loses a phosphate it releases energy and makes a molecule of ___ + ___
ATP + P
ATP stands for ___ ___
Adenosine triphsphate
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Cellular respiration starts with ___
glycolysis
Glycolysis creates energy carrying molecules like?
ATP & NADH
Glycolysis is the process that splits ___ molecule into ___
Glucose, pyruvate
Pyruvate with O2 (oxygen) goes to what process?
Aerobic respiation
Pyruvate without O2 (oxygen) goes to what process?
anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration starts with the ___
Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle breaks pyruvate down into what compound element?
CO2
The Krebs cycle occurs in the ___
Matrix
The Krebs cycle ends with what process?
ETC (electron transport chain)
ETC occurs in ___
The inner membrane/cristae
The Krebs cycle creates energy carrying molecules like ___, ___, & ___
ATP, NADH, & FADH2
ETC creates what two molecules?
ATP & H2O
Both lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation creates what molecule?
ATP
ETC creates H2O using what?
O2
What macromolecule is needed for cellular respiration?
Carbohydrates
What are the 2 reactions in photosynthesis?
Light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)
The Calvin cycle is powered by ___ & ___
ATP & NADPH
Where is the ATP and NADPH that powers the Calvin cycle produced?
Light dependent reactions
Light dependent reactions make ___ using ___ and is powered by ___
O2, H2O, Sunlight
Sunlight is absorbed by what pigment?
Chlorophyll
The thylakoid is a part of what organelle?
The chloroplast
The Calvin cycle occurs in the ___, uses ___, and makes ___
Stroma, CO2, and C6H12O6
The process many autotrophs go through to convert solar energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
In the absence of oxygen, ___ will create alcohol, CO2 AND 2 ATP
Yeast
The step in photosynthesis where organisms capture CO2 in order to convert it into glucose
Calvin cycle
The process cells use to break down macromolecules like carbohydrates in order to create usable energy for cellular processes
Cellular respiration
A byproduct of cellular respiration of anaerobic respiration in humans
Lactic acid
Where in the mitochondria the most ATP is made during cellular respiration
Inner membrane
An anaerobic step in cellular respiration,before the cell decides if it will go through fermentation or the Krebs Cycle and ETC
Glycolysis
Direct source of energy for cell processes
ATP
What organelle is chlorophyll stored in in plant cells?
What certain location in this organelle?
Chloroplast, Thylakoid
The step in cellular respiration that creates the energy-carrying molecules ATP, NADH, AND FADH2 that will power the final step
Krebs cycle
Your body needs ___ to run your cells
energy
Your body cannot directly use your ___ for energy
food
The energy you CAN use in the food you eat is ___ in its chemical ___
stored, bonds
To ___ this energy for your body to use, those bonds have to be ___
Release, broken
What is the first stage of aerobic respiration?
Glycolysis
What is the second stage of aerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle
What is the third stage of aerobic respiration?
Electron transport chain
How much ATP does the electron transport chain make?
32-34
What are the 3 types of passive transport?
Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and simple diffusion
What are the 3 types of active transport?
Endocytosis, exocytosis, and molecular pump
T/F ATP is needed for passive transport
False
T/F ATP is needed for active transport
True
The heads of the phospholipid bilayer are
___ and the tails of the phospholipid bilayer are ___
Hydrophylic, hydrophobic
When active transport is in motion, molecules go through a ___ ___
Carrier protein
In ___ diffusion O2 goes ___ across the cell membrane
Simple, directly
In ___ diffusion molecules go through a channel ___
facilitated, protein
What are the characteristics of a hypotonic solution?
More solute in the cell, water enters the cell, the cell swells
What organism’s cells like hypotonic solutions?
Plants
What are the characteristics of an isotonic solution?
Solute equal inside and outside of the cell, water moves in and out of cell equilibrium, cell stays the same size
What organism’s cells like isotonic solutions?
Animals
What are the characteristics of a hypertonic solution?
More solute outside the cell, water exists the cell, cell shrinks
What organism’s cells like hypertonic solutions?
None
“Stuff” in H2O
Solute
Combination of solute and solvent
Solution
Water (when referring to osmosis)
Solvent
