Unit 4 (Georgia standard): Structure and function of molecular genetics Flashcards
cell division (mitosis), DNA &/vs RNA, Nitrogen bases, hydrogen bonds, DNA rep, Protein synthesis, codons, and DNA mutation
Which of the following must occur AFTER the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase? Select the four that apply.
A. the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other
B. the nucleus breaks apart
C. chromosomes are copied during DNA replication
D. the cytoplasm divides
E. chromosomes uncoil/unpack to chromatin
F. the cell grows
G. sister chromatids attach at their centromeres
H. two new nuclei form
A. the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other
D. the cytoplasm divides
E. chromosomes uncoil/unpack to chromatin
H. two new nuclei form
What is the correct order of the movement of genetic material during mitosis?
1 - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; 2 - two new nuclei form around the chromosomes; 3 - sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell; 4 - the nucleus breaks down
a. 4, 1, 2, 3
b. 2, 3, 1 ,4
c. 1, 3, 2, 4
d. 4, 1, 3, 2
d. 4, 1, 3, 2
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and 1/4 nitrogenous bases
What nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
Nitrogen base
What kind of sugar is found in a DNA nucleotide?
Deoxyribose
What kind of sugar is found in a RNA nucleotide?
Ribose
What 4 nitrogen bases are found in DNA?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine
What 4 nitrogen bases are found in RNA?
Adenine, uracil, guanine, & cytosine
What parts of the nucleotide makes up the backbone of DNA and RNA?
Phosphate group and a 5 carbon sugar
In DNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with adenine?
Thymine
In RNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with adenine?
Uracil
In DNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with cytosine?
Guanine
In RNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with guanine?
Cytosine
How many hydrogen bonds hold adenine and thymine together?
2
How many hydrogen bonds hold cytosine and guanine together?
3
DNA is the ___ to make an organism
Instructions
DNA stands for ___ ___
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA consists of a 2 stranded ladder-like structure called a ___ ___
Double helix
DNA is made up of tiny subunits (monomers) called ___
Nucleotides
Hydrogen bonds are ___ bonds
Weak
Why are hydrogen bonds weak?
So that the strands of DNA can be easily unzipped when DNA goes through replication
DNA replicates itself for cellular division for ___, ___, & ___
Reproduction, growth, and repair
Where does DNA replication take place?
Nucleus
At the ___ fork, the enzyme ___ breaks the hydrogen bond
replication, helicase
Replicated DNA is also known as semi - ___
conservative
Why is replicated DNA called semi-conservative?
Because it has a strand on old DNA and a strand of new DNA
DNA ___ is the enzyme that joins the free-floating nucleotides to the ___ strand
polymerase, original
In what order does DNA replication happen?
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
- Strands of DNA separate
- Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
- Strands of DNA separate
- Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
Enzyme
In DNA replication, DNA makes ___
DNA
How are free floating nucleotides added by DNA ___
Polymerase
RNA stands for ___ ___
Ribonucleic acid
DNA and RNA are made up of which elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
The monomer of both DNA and RNA is?
Nucleotides
RNA does not contain what nitrogen base?
Thymine
RNA’s nucleotides are arranged in a ___ strand
Single
How many types of RNA exist?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger RNA
What does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA
What does rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal RNA
What does mRNA do?
Carries a message (instructions) from the DNA in the form of a code
mRNA carries the message from the ___ to a ___ on the ___ ER or in the cytoplasm
nucleus, ribosome, rough
mRNA is read in ___
Codons
A codon is a set of ___ ___ ___ that code for a SPECIFIC ___ ___
3 nitrogenous bases, amino acid