Unit 4 (Georgia standard): Structure and function of molecular genetics Flashcards
cell division (mitosis), DNA &/vs RNA, Nitrogen bases, hydrogen bonds, DNA rep, Protein synthesis, codons, and DNA mutation
Which of the following must occur AFTER the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase? Select the four that apply.
A. the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other
B. the nucleus breaks apart
C. chromosomes are copied during DNA replication
D. the cytoplasm divides
E. chromosomes uncoil/unpack to chromatin
F. the cell grows
G. sister chromatids attach at their centromeres
H. two new nuclei form
A. the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other
D. the cytoplasm divides
E. chromosomes uncoil/unpack to chromatin
H. two new nuclei form
What is the correct order of the movement of genetic material during mitosis?
1 - chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; 2 - two new nuclei form around the chromosomes; 3 - sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell; 4 - the nucleus breaks down
a. 4, 1, 2, 3
b. 2, 3, 1 ,4
c. 1, 3, 2, 4
d. 4, 1, 3, 2
d. 4, 1, 3, 2
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and 1/4 nitrogenous bases
What nucleotide component contains nitrogen?
Nitrogen base
What kind of sugar is found in a DNA nucleotide?
Deoxyribose
What kind of sugar is found in a RNA nucleotide?
Ribose
What 4 nitrogen bases are found in DNA?
Adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine
What 4 nitrogen bases are found in RNA?
Adenine, uracil, guanine, & cytosine
What parts of the nucleotide makes up the backbone of DNA and RNA?
Phosphate group and a 5 carbon sugar
In DNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with adenine?
Thymine
In RNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with adenine?
Uracil
In DNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with cytosine?
Guanine
In RNA, what nitrogen base complementary base pairs with guanine?
Cytosine
How many hydrogen bonds hold adenine and thymine together?
2
How many hydrogen bonds hold cytosine and guanine together?
3
DNA is the ___ to make an organism
Instructions
DNA stands for ___ ___
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA consists of a 2 stranded ladder-like structure called a ___ ___
Double helix
DNA is made up of tiny subunits (monomers) called ___
Nucleotides
Hydrogen bonds are ___ bonds
Weak
Why are hydrogen bonds weak?
So that the strands of DNA can be easily unzipped when DNA goes through replication
DNA replicates itself for cellular division for ___, ___, & ___
Reproduction, growth, and repair
Where does DNA replication take place?
Nucleus
At the ___ fork, the enzyme ___ breaks the hydrogen bond
replication, helicase
Replicated DNA is also known as semi - ___
conservative
Why is replicated DNA called semi-conservative?
Because it has a strand on old DNA and a strand of new DNA
DNA ___ is the enzyme that joins the free-floating nucleotides to the ___ strand
polymerase, original
In what order does DNA replication happen?
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
- Strands of DNA separate
- Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
- Strands of DNA separate
- Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase?
Enzyme
In DNA replication, DNA makes ___
DNA
How are free floating nucleotides added by DNA ___
Polymerase
RNA stands for ___ ___
Ribonucleic acid
DNA and RNA are made up of which elements?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
The monomer of both DNA and RNA is?
Nucleotides
RNA does not contain what nitrogen base?
Thymine
RNA’s nucleotides are arranged in a ___ strand
Single
How many types of RNA exist?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger RNA
What does tRNA stand for?
Transfer RNA
What does rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal RNA
What does mRNA do?
Carries a message (instructions) from the DNA in the form of a code
mRNA carries the message from the ___ to a ___ on the ___ ER or in the cytoplasm
nucleus, ribosome, rough
mRNA is read in ___
Codons
A codon is a set of ___ ___ ___ that code for a SPECIFIC ___ ___
3 nitrogenous bases, amino acid
DNA contains the instructions to make ___
Proteins
DNA is used to make ___
mRNA
What does tRNA do?
Transfers the amino acid to the ribosome on the ER (or cytoplasm)
tRNA is the molecule that ___ the ___ to build the ___ that the ___ is coding for
Decodes, mRNA, protein, DNA
tRNA has a special region called the ___ - ___
anti - codon
An anti-codon is a set of 3 nitrogenous bases that ___ ___ ___ with mRNA’s codon
complementay base pairs
tRNA also picks up a specific ___ ___ which it ___ to be dropped off to ___ a ____
amino acid, carries, build, protein
Ribosomes are made up of ___ and ___
rRNA and protein
rRNA helps ___ translation (part of protein ___)
direct, synthesis
Both DNA and RNA are what macromolecule?
Nucleic acid
What are the 5 differences between DNA and RNA?
Name (Deoxyribonucleic acid vs Ribonucleic acid), Function (Stores and replicates [makes copies of] genetic info vs carries out instructions from the DNA), structure (double stranded vs single stranded), sugar (deoxyribose vs ribose), nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine vs adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine)
What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?
Transcription and translation
The process of decoding the DNA and making the proteins that they code for
Protein synthesis
In transcription, DNA turns into ___
mRNA
Transcription occurs in the ___
Nucleus
RNA ___ “unzips” the DNA molecule and uses ___ ___ of the DNA as a template
polymerase, one side
RNA ___ helps free-floating nucleotides ___ ___ pair w/ the ___ DNA strand
polymerase, complementary base, leading
When the single-stranded mRNA molecule is complete, it leaves the ___, travels through the ___ to the ___ to be translated
nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome
In translation, mRNA turns into ___
Protein
Translation occurs in the ___ and at the ___
cytoplasm, ribosome
Translation involves which nucleic acids?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
In translation: The ribosome locates the ___ codon (AUG) to begin translation
start
In translation: As each mRNA codon (set of 3 bases) moves through the ___, tRNA’s anticodon ___ base pairs w/ it and drops off the ___ ___
ribosome, complementary, amino acid
In translation: The ribosome moves on to the next mRNA ___, the tRNA drops off its ___ ___ and links it to the other amino acid using a ___ bond. This starts a ___ chain or protein.
codon, amino acid, peptide, polypeptide
Amino acid is the monomer of ___
protein
How many different amino acids are there?
20
A chain is a domain of amino acids that turn into protein
Polypeptide chain
The central dogma of biology
DNA -> mRNA-> protein -> trait
Protein synthesis leads to ___ expression
Gene
In prokaryotes, replication and transcription occurs in the ___
cytoplasm
What is selective breeding aka?
Artificial selection
People breeding organisms for desired traits
Selective breeding
The manipulation or engineering of organisms (or parts of organisms) to make useful products for humans
Biotechnology
Transferring genes or pieces of DNA from one organism to another for s specific trait
Genetic engineering
Combining of DNA from different organisms or the insertion of one species’ DNA into another species’ DNA
Recombinant DNA
Genetic engineering improves the quality and productivity of many CROPS
Agriculture
Genetic engineering has improved human’s HEALTH
Medicine
Used to treat genetic disorders by introducing a gene into a cell or by corrects a gene defect
Gene therapy
Informs parents about the probability (chance) of their offspring inheriting a genetic disorder so they can make an informed decision before having a baby
Genetic counseling
A lab technique that uses a DNA sample taken from a crime scene and compares it with a DN sample from a suspect. It can also be used in paternity court cases to determine if someone is the parent of a child.
DNA finger-printing/DNA profiling
What are the 3 types of DNA mutations?
Substitution, insertion, deletion
A nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide
DNA substitution mutation
A nucleotide is added to the sequence (gene)
Insertion
A nucleotide is deleted from the sequence (gene)
Deletion
What type of mutation is substitution?
Point mutation
What type of mutation is insertion?
Frameshift mutation
What type of mutation is deletion?
Frameshift mutation
The ___ a cell becomes, the more ___ ___ the cell places on its DNA
larger, demand stress
The cell has trouble moving ___ and ___ across the cell membrane
nutrients, waste
How does the cell cycle impact you?
Growth and replace damaged cells
A disorder that results in uncontrolled cell growth and division; it is a disease of the cell cycle
Cancer
The cell cycle is regulated by protein called ___
Cyclins
When a cell loses the ability to control growth, it can lead to ___
Cancer
The center of the chromosome is the ___
Centromere
The centromere holds the 2 ___ together
chromatids
Individual chromosomes consist of 2 ___ halves called ___
Identical, chromatids
What are the 6 stages of the cell cycle?
IPMATC (Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis)
In interphase the cell goes through what 3 sub phases? what do they do?
G1, S, G2
Cell growth, synthesis (DNA replication), more growth in prep for cell division
cytoplasm divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis
2 nuclei form
chromosomes begin “unpack” and turn into chromatin
Telophase
Chromatids separate/move away/split apart
Anaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle -> organizes chromosomes/DNA so they equally pull apart
Metaphase
Chromosomes become visible
Spindle fibers are visible
Centrioles separate
Nucleus breaks apart
prophase
What is the goal of cellular reproduction?
Creating 2 genetically identical daughter cells (somatic/body cells)
Mitosis divides the ___
Nucleus
Cytokinesis divides the ___
Cytoplasm
What phases in the cell cycle make up mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
