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ADV Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 5 bones > Flashcards

Unit 5 bones Flashcards

1
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Types of hyaline

A

Articular, intercostal, respiratory, nasal

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3
Q

Covers the ends of long bones

A

Articular cartilage

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4
Q

Connects the ribs to the sternum

A

Intercostal cartilage

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5
Q

Makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages

A

Respiratory cartilage

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6
Q

Supports the nose

A

Nasal cartilage
(type of hyaline cartilage)

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7
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers

FOUND in extrnal ear and layrinx.

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8
Q

what type of cartilage is found in external ear and epiglottis (larynx)

A

elastic cartilage

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9
Q

fibrocartilage

A

highly compressed with great (tensile) strength,
found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs.

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10
Q

growth from the perichondrium (outside wall) inwards toward the middle

A

appositional

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11
Q

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) divide and grow within matrix and expand from middle.

inside to outside

A

interstitial

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12
Q

calcification of cartilage occurs

A

1)During normal bone growth
2)during old age
(solidification with calcium salts.)

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13
Q

Axial

A

bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage.

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14
Q

appendicular

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip.

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15
Q

bones longer than they are wide

A

long bone

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16
Q

short bones

A

cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
bones that form within tendons (ex; patella)

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17
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flattened and a bit curved (flat and over an area)

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18
Q

irregular

A

bones with complicated shapes

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19
Q

functions of bones

A

1) support- form the framework and the body and cradles soft organs
2) protect- provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
3) movement- provide levers for muscles
4) mineral storage- reservoir for growth factor minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
5) blood cell formation: hematopoiesis occurs within marrow of bones. (red marrow)

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20
Q

Ends of bones in long bones

A

Epiphysis

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21
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of bones
- spongy bone
-red bone marrow
LONG BONE ONLY

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22
Q

Diaphysis

A

Middle section
ALL BONES
Yellow bone marrow
Fat

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23
Q

Covers the Epiphysis

A

Articular cartilage

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24
Q

Hard bone

A

Compact bone

25
Q

Endosteum

A

a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of bones

26
Q

Hollow middle cavity

A

Medullary cavity

27
Q

Thin layer of connective tissue covering outside the bone.

A

Periosteum
Peri= outside

28
Q

Where do stem cells exist

A

Both red and yellow marrow

29
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense outer layer

30
Q

Diaphysis Spongy bone

A

Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow marrow

31
Q

Partitions or dividers inside bone

A

Trabeculae

32
Q

NO NEED FOR THIS: water soluble
lipid soluble
aids in digestion and utilize food energy
fight infection and help produce/build collagen
Helps gather calcium and Phosphorus
Helps make WBC and shapes bones.
anti-oxidizers,
helps in Homeostasis

A

Vitamin C and B
K
B

C

D

A

E
K

33
Q

Cartilage

A

very fine fibers
NO blood/nerve supply
Chondrocytes
surrounded by Perichondrium

34
Q

red marrow

A

typically only in long bones
creating one red Blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells
IN EPIPHYSIS

35
Q

yellow marrow

A

fat storage
Mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into fat, cartilage and bone

36
Q

long bones

A

have epiphysis and diaphysis

37
Q

diaphysis

A

tubular shaft that forms the axis (middle) of long bones
composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity.
yellow bone marrow in the medullary cavity.

38
Q

Epiphysis

A

expanded ends
exterior is compact bone; interior is spongy bone
Joint surface is covered with articular Hyaline cartilage

39
Q

Epiphyseal line (growth plate)

A

separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis

40
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers surface of the epiphysis
decreases friction at the joint surface.

41
Q

periosteum

A

double layered protective membrane
- outer fibrous is dense regular connective tissue
- inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- nutrient foramina
- connected to underlying bone by sharpey’s fibers

42
Q

osteoblast

A

create new bone and matrix

43
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone to release calcium.

44
Q

nutrient foramina

A

(hole for artery) bone is richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels.

45
Q

delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone.

A

endosteum

46
Q

4 types of bone cells

A

1) osteoblasts (bone-forming & matrix forming)
2) osteocytes (mature bone cells)
3) osteoclasts (large that resorb/break down bone matrix) for remodeling or calcium release.
4) osteoid: unmineralized bone matrix composed of (proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen).

47
Q

Hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)

A

calcium + Phosphate
65% of bone mass
responsible for bone hardness and resistance to compression.

48
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Binds together collagenous fibers and makes it more sturdy .

49
Q

Osteogenesis

A

development of bones

50
Q

ossification

A

hardening of bone

51
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bone developments from a fibrous membrane

52
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

bone forms by replacing Hyaline cartilage

53
Q

Epiphyseal growth plates

A

regions where growth occurs IN LONG BONES

54
Q

Bone growth
younger vs older

A

younger: hyaline cartilage
older: bone

55
Q

Epiphyseal growth plates are activated by

A

human growth hormone (HGH)

56
Q

Vitamin D

A

the body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium

no vitamin D= no hormone calcitriol= no dietary calcium absorption

57
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

58
Q

Bone Repairs

A

1) HEMATOMA FORMS: Blood enters the woods, phagocytes eat dead bones etc.
2) CALLUS FORMS: matrix forms
3) CALLUS OSSIFIES: spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage (OSSIFICATION)
4) COMPACT BONE FORMS: osteoclasts form a larger medullar cavity, spongy bone is converted to compact bone.

ADV Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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