Unit 5 bones Flashcards
Types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Types of hyaline
Articular, intercostal, respiratory, nasal
Covers the ends of long bones
Articular cartilage
Connects the ribs to the sternum
Intercostal cartilage
Makes up the larynx and reinforces air passages
Respiratory cartilage
Supports the nose
Nasal cartilage
(type of hyaline cartilage)
Elastic cartilage
similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers
FOUND in extrnal ear and layrinx.
what type of cartilage is found in external ear and epiglottis (larynx)
elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
highly compressed with great (tensile) strength,
found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs.
growth from the perichondrium (outside wall) inwards toward the middle
appositional
chondrocytes (cartilage cells) divide and grow within matrix and expand from middle.
inside to outside
interstitial
calcification of cartilage occurs
1)During normal bone growth
2)during old age
(solidification with calcium salts.)
Axial
bones of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage.
appendicular
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip.
bones longer than they are wide
long bone
short bones
cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
bones that form within tendons (ex; patella)
Flat bones
thin, flattened and a bit curved (flat and over an area)
irregular
bones with complicated shapes
functions of bones
1) support- form the framework and the body and cradles soft organs
2) protect- provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.
3) movement- provide levers for muscles
4) mineral storage- reservoir for growth factor minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
5) blood cell formation: hematopoiesis occurs within marrow of bones. (red marrow)
Ends of bones in long bones
Epiphysis
Epiphysis
Ends of bones
- spongy bone
-red bone marrow
LONG BONE ONLY
Diaphysis
Middle section
ALL BONES
Yellow bone marrow
Fat
Covers the Epiphysis
Articular cartilage
Hard bone
Compact bone
Endosteum
a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of bones
Hollow middle cavity
Medullary cavity
Thin layer of connective tissue covering outside the bone.
Periosteum
Peri= outside
Where do stem cells exist
Both red and yellow marrow
Compact bone
Dense outer layer
Diaphysis Spongy bone
Honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow marrow
Partitions or dividers inside bone
Trabeculae
NO NEED FOR THIS: water soluble
lipid soluble
aids in digestion and utilize food energy
fight infection and help produce/build collagen
Helps gather calcium and Phosphorus
Helps make WBC and shapes bones.
anti-oxidizers,
helps in Homeostasis
Vitamin C and B
K
B
C
D
A
E
K
Cartilage
very fine fibers
NO blood/nerve supply
Chondrocytes
surrounded by Perichondrium
red marrow
typically only in long bones
creating one red Blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells
IN EPIPHYSIS
yellow marrow
fat storage
Mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate into fat, cartilage and bone
long bones
have epiphysis and diaphysis
diaphysis
tubular shaft that forms the axis (middle) of long bones
composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity.
yellow bone marrow in the medullary cavity.
Epiphysis
expanded ends
exterior is compact bone; interior is spongy bone
Joint surface is covered with articular Hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal line (growth plate)
separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis
Articular cartilage
covers surface of the epiphysis
decreases friction at the joint surface.
periosteum
double layered protective membrane
- outer fibrous is dense regular connective tissue
- inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- nutrient foramina
- connected to underlying bone by sharpey’s fibers
osteoblast
create new bone and matrix
osteoclasts
break down bone to release calcium.
nutrient foramina
(hole for artery) bone is richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels.
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone.
endosteum
4 types of bone cells
1) osteoblasts (bone-forming & matrix forming)
2) osteocytes (mature bone cells)
3) osteoclasts (large that resorb/break down bone matrix) for remodeling or calcium release.
4) osteoid: unmineralized bone matrix composed of (proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen).
Hydroxyapatite (mineral salts)
calcium + Phosphate
65% of bone mass
responsible for bone hardness and resistance to compression.
What does calcium do?
Binds together collagenous fibers and makes it more sturdy .
Osteogenesis
development of bones
ossification
hardening of bone
intramembranous ossification
bone developments from a fibrous membrane
Endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing Hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates
regions where growth occurs IN LONG BONES
Bone growth
younger vs older
younger: hyaline cartilage
older: bone
Epiphyseal growth plates are activated by
human growth hormone (HGH)
Vitamin D
the body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium
no vitamin D= no hormone calcitriol= no dietary calcium absorption
Wolff’s law
bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.
Bone Repairs
1) HEMATOMA FORMS: Blood enters the woods, phagocytes eat dead bones etc.
2) CALLUS FORMS: matrix forms
3) CALLUS OSSIFIES: spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage (OSSIFICATION)
4) COMPACT BONE FORMS: osteoclasts form a larger medullar cavity, spongy bone is converted to compact bone.
