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ADV Anatomy & Physiology > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organization

A

atoms–molecules (DNA)–cells–Tissue–organs–organ system–Organism

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2
Q

Chemical bond

A

allow elements to combine and compounds to form.

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3
Q

SHAPE & FORM EFFECT:

A

FUNCTION

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4
Q

Similar chemical shapes

A

mimicking effect ex: Morphine, Heroin & Opiates mimic the effects of endorphins.

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5
Q

Synthesis

A

Combining atoms/molecules to form larger more complex molecules.
- ANABOLIC (energy taken in)
ex: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

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6
Q

Decomposition

A

Breaking apart molecules (opposite of synthesis).
- CATABOLIC (energy released)
-ex: Hydrolysis

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7
Q

Exchange reaction

A

Bonds made/broken to exchange parts.
(Single/double/displacement)
EX: ATP forming phosphate and ADP

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8
Q

Factors influencing rate of reaction

A

increase in:
- TEMPERATURE
- PRESSURE
- Concentration
- Catalyst
- smaller particle size

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9
Q

Mixtures

A

Two or more compounds physically mixed and NOT chemically bonded
ex: blood

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10
Q

Solution

A

Homogeneous mixture
ex: urine

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11
Q

Major elements

A

(96%)
- Carbon
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- Nitrogen

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12
Q

Inorganic compound examples

A

Water, salts, many acids and bases

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13
Q

What are salts

A
  • Dissolve in water
  • contains cations other than (H+)
  • Contains anions other than (OH-
  • Electrolytes: conduct electrical currents in solution
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14
Q

pH

A

Neutral: 7
Blood: 7.4

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15
Q

Buffers

A

Chemical systems that resist abrupt/large swings in pH of body fluids

EX: Carbonic acid- Bicarbonate

-resists pH changes in the blood

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16
Q

Types of organic Compounds

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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17
Q

Monomers and Polymers

A

Build Large chains of carbons called Macromolecules

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18
Q

Macro molecules

A

Cells build macromolecules by bonding small molecules (monomers) together to form long chains (polymers)

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19
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
1:2:1

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20
Q

Functions of carbs

A

Major fuel source for cells, structural role

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21
Q

examples of carbs

A
  • monosaccharides or simple sugars
  • Disaccharides (double)
  • Polysaccharides
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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
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23
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose & Fructose

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24
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose & Glucose

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25
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose & Glucose

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26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

many linked sugars

27
Q

Polysaccharides examples

A

Starch (plants) & Glycogen (animal tissue)

28
Q

Lipids (fats)

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen: much less oxygen then in carbs tho.

29
Q

Lipids examples:

A
  • Neutral fats (triglycerides
  • Steroids
  • Phospholipids
30
Q

Lipids (triglycerides) structure

A

LONG CHAIN
Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

31
Q

Neutral fats location:

A

Found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs (good for long term energy).

32
Q

Phospholipids Location:

A

cell membranes

33
Q

Steroids location

A

Flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings.
- cholesterol

34
Q

Fat-Soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, E and K

35
Q

Proteins:

A

Monomer= Amino acids bound with peptide bond
Contains: CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN & NITROGEN

36
Q

Amino Acids:

A

Contain an AMINO group (NH2) and a CARBOXYL group (COOH)

37
Q

Amino acid structure

A

looks like stick figure with its hands in the air

38
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Structure and Mechanical processes,
Enzymes (Lactase),
Transport (Hemoglobin),
Movement (muscles),
Hormones (Insulin)
Immunity (Antibodies)
Support (collagen)

39
Q

Catalyst

A

Speeds up reaction by lowering the activation energy.

40
Q

Denaturation

A

protein unfolds and losses 3d shape as well as function

41
Q

Causes of denaturation

A

Low pH; High temp

42
Q

Nucleic Acids compostion

A

CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN & PHOSPHORUS

43
Q

Nucleic Acids stores?

A

Stores hereditary info

44
Q

Nucleic Acid Monomer?

A

Nucleotide

45
Q

Nucleotides

A

contain:
- Nitrogen base
- Pentose sugar
- Phosphate group

46
Q

Types of Nucleotides:

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
47
Q

DNA

A

provides instruction for Protein synthesis

48
Q

RNA

A

Helps with protein synthesis

49
Q

MRNA

A

Carries DNA messages out of the nucleus to the ribosome in the cytoplasm

50
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up Ribosomes

51
Q

tRNA

A

transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to the ribosomes to be made into proteins.

52
Q

TO GET ENERGY FROM ATP

A

break bond to remove the last phosphate.

53
Q

Process to release energy?

A

cellular respiration

54
Q

Cell life

A
  • Birth: Cells grow and divide
  • Communicate with friends= Cell signaling
  • Growth & job specialization= Differentiation
  • Gets old & Dies
55
Q

What causes Cell death

A

External (lack of oxygen, stress, damage) & Internal signals (DNA damage)

56
Q

NECROSIS

A

CELL EXPLODES!

57
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

CELL IMPLODES

58
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent changes in the DNA sequence

59
Q

Mutagen

A

Any factor that causes change to DNA or causes rapid division.

60
Q

Carbs examples

A

Glucose, lactose, fructose, starch, glycogens

61
Q

Lipids

A

Fats, oils cell membrane, hormones, long term energy storage.

62
Q

Proteins

A

(monomer=Amino acids); Enzymes, eggs/meat/hair, immunity, support, structure

63
Q

nucleic Acids

A

DNA, RNA, Genetics, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

ADV Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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