Unit 5

Question 1

What did the Church think of the Aristotelian view of the universe?

Answer 1

They supported it as it supported the Medieval biblical view that humans were the center of creation

Question 2

What is the Copernicus theory of the universe?

Answer 2

He was the first to propose a heliocentric view of the universe, all things revolve around the sun

Question 3

Did the Church like the copernican view of the universe?

Answer 3

No, it opposed their ideas

Question 4

What is universal gravitation

Answer 4

Theory developed by Isaac Newton which was an set of mathematical principles that explained motion specifically motion of planets

Question 5

Where was the law of universal gravitation featured

Answer 5

In Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy or the principia

Question 6

Who created the modern scientific method

Answer 6

Bacon and descarte are responsible for the modern scientific thinking

Question 7

What did the two makers of the scientific method contribute

Answer 7

Bacon contributed the empirical method and descarte gave deductive reasoning

Question 8

Who was Fontanelle

Answer 8

He made ideas much more accessible, and made scientific ideas and findings of the time more popular and easier to read

Question 9

What are the causes of the scientific revolution

Answer 9

Chairs in mathematics, scientific methodology, problems in navigation, and critical analysis of texts

Question 10

Did the pope and church support the scientific revolution

Answer 10

The pope did not support the scientific revolution because it threw out many preconceived medieval biblical views, the pope favors the Aristotelian view of the universe, he doesn’t like it as seen when he jailed Galileo

Question 11

What did Locke outline in his essay concerning human understanding

Answer 11

Locke said man is born with a tabula rosa or blank slate and society shapes him, therefore the mins is a product of sensory input

Question 12

What is Cartesian dualism

Answer 12

Developed by Descartes, said all things should be split up into mind and matter, or physical and spiritual

Question 13

What we’re voltaire said views on government

Answer 13

Voltaire was friends with Catherine and Frederick, so he approved of absolutism, or more specifically the enlightened despot

Question 14

What were Roussea’s views on women?

Answer 14

Roussea thoughts that women should be confined to the home

Question 15

How did Roussea’s view of women trend with philosophers,

Answer 15

It went against the general thoughts of philosophers, most thought women should be politically free and have more rights

Question 16

What is Roussea’s General will?

Answer 16

It is an early form of democracy, a ruler rules in the interest of the people, basically decides on the people behalf

Question 17

What is the encyclopedia

Answer 17

Written by Diderot, his goal was to change the general way of thinking and learning within society, encyclopedia contained various essay of philosophes, was basically a one stop shop

Question 18

Who was Emanuel Kant?

Answer 18

German philosopher, advocated for the freedom of the press, and created the phrase dare to know

also thought skepticism and doubt were healthy, was part of the later enlightenment, thought people should question things and find out more for themselves

Question 19

who was david hume

Answer 19

• part of the later Scottish enlightenment

* argued against faith, natural law, and even reason and logic itself

Question 20

what were some major reforms of frederick the great

Answer 20

• supported education
• abolished serfdom on crown lands, but not at all
• religious toleration, but not for jews
• abolished capital punishment
• encouraged immigration and agricultural growth

Question 21

summarize frederick the greats views of reform and his reforms

Answer 21

• Frederick saw himself as a servant of the state
• his reforms benefited the power of the state
• while the peasants did not benefit

Question 22

summary pf bayle’s historical and critical dictionary

Answer 22

• Bayle’s dictionary advocated for complete toleration of ideas
• said a person should be free to worship any religion or no religion at all
• criticized the catholic church when they tried to force people to belive things

Question 23

who was Catherine the great

Answer 23

• ruler of Russia
• plans to abolish serfdom were disrupted when pugachev rebellion hit, her goal was to impliment a series of enlightened laws
• because of the the pugachev rebellion she was forced to side with the nobles to squash the rebellion
• serfs living conditions actually plumited
• nobles did not have to pay taxes or do service, this increased their power to level never seen before

Question 24

what was the pugachev rebellion

Answer 24

• in austria during the rule of catherine the great

* pugachev impersonated himself as peter the third, and advocated for an end to all serfdom

Question 25

what were maria theresa's changes made to Austrian society

Answer 25

she made lords pay taxes, most influential ruler in helping the living conditions of the serfs

Question 26

what were Joseph the seconds changes to labor in russia

Answer 26

* Neither nobles or serfs liked it * nobles did not like it because they had no workers * serfs didnt like it because it was very hard to become free as they had to pay their way out serfdom

Question 27

what were salons

Answer 27

* parlors started in paris * elite women would gather and talk about social and political things * only for aristocracy * not sponsored by the gov, cuz the salons talked bad about the gov

Question 28

What were Montesquiea's letters

Answer 28

* mocked french government * he did not the absolutism of Louie 14 * he called for the separation of government into three branches * favored the British system of limited monarchy

Question 29

summarize the partitioning of silesia

Answer 29

* Frederick the great of Prussia invaded Maria Theresa of Austria's silesia * Prussia was a decisive military power and efficiently defeated Austria * this made Prussia into the greatest of all german states and a great european power * This sparked the seven years war because Maria was determined to regain silesia

Question 30

Summarize the partition of poland

Answer 30

* Catherine the Great of Russia in effort to expand her empire even farther attacked and scored victories against the turks * This began to disturb the balance of power in Europe between Russia, Austria, and Prussia * Frederick then proposed that Turkey be let off and because nothing could get done in poland that each of three countries would take a large slice of Poland * Catherine accepted the deal and thus made all the three powers somewhat equal while Poland Dissapeared from the map

Question 31

what are mestizos

Answer 31

people who are half spanish and half native American

Question 32

what are mullatos

Answer 32

people who are half black and half white

Question 33

what are creoles

Answer 33

a person with european and black descent

Question 34

summarize the seven years war in the eastern european theatre

Answer 34

* sparked when Frederick of Prussia invaded maria theresa'a Silesia * Theresa was determined to get back Silesia, she formed an alliance with France and Russia, whos goal was to win Prussia and then divide it up * Frederick attacked from all sides, but it looked like they were going to lose until Peter 3 of Russia came to power and called off all attacks

Question 35

what were the effects of the seven years war in the eastern theatre

Answer 35

* Frederick began to implement his reforms and became actually committed to the enlightenment * he simplified the laws * and reenergized agriculture and industrialism * but he did not change Prussia's social structure or give rights of religious freedom to the jews

Question 36

summarize the seven years war in the western theatre

Answer 36

* *France vs. England competing for the colonial empire * englands goal was to conquer canada * France scored victories but england destroyed the french fleet * this shut down frances commerce, then endland stormed quebec and defeated the french

Question 37

summarize the wealth of nations

Answer 37

* written by Scottish later enlightenment thinker Adam Scott * book was considered the bible of capitalism * expanded on the theory of Laissaez Faire, by stating that the economy will run better by itself than being run by the gov * said the economy runs on natural laws, but we should tinker with it

Question 38

facts about methodism, and why it was attracyive

Answer 38

* created by John Wesley * it was appealing because it said that everyone could be saved, so people were energized because they thought they had a chane to be saved since everyone could be saved

Question 39

what is a spinster?

Answer 39

an unmarried woman who took advantage of the cottage industry and accumulated a lot of money by turning raw materials into textiles

Question 40

why did people marry late?

Answer 40

* they had to be able to afford it * had to wait for the dowry * usually had to wait till their inheritances came

Question 41

list some 18th century medical science achievements

Answer 41

* William Harvey discovered the circulatory system and published a book on it * Anton Van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope and looked at bacteria * Edward Jenner created the vaccine for smallpox

Question 42

What is the Aristotelian view of the universe?

Answer 42

It is a geocentric view, everything revolves around the earth and all heavenly bodies are perfect