Unit 5 1750-1900

Question 1

Serfdom in Russia

Answer 1

serfdom lasted until 1861; Russian landowners wanted serfs to stay on the land and produce large harvests; the landowners treated the serfs like property; when a landowner sold a piece of land, he sold the serfs with it; landowners could give away serfs as presents or to pay debts; it was also against the law for serfs to run away from their owners

Question 2

Mercantilism

Answer 2

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought - negative effect on colonies

Question 3

Enlightenment

Answer 3

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700’s and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method.

Question 4

Absolute Monarchy (Absolutism)

Answer 4

a system where a ruler holds total power

Question 5

John Locke and Natural Rights

Answer 5

He believed that God gave certain rights to people that could never be taken away. These rights are called natural rights. The three rights were the right to life, the right to liberty, and the right to own property. (Thomas Jefferson used these rights in the Dec. of Ind., but changed them to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)

Question 6

Social Contract Theory

Answer 6

The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; Rousseau

Question 7

Declaration of Independence

Answer 7

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Question 8

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Answer 8

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Question 9

Jamaica Letter

Answer 9

Written by Simone Bolivar, in this letter he argues that liberty should come to Latin America but before true freedom can be experienced, there should be a period of transition in which a dictator should rule.

Question 10

Causes and Effects of the American Revolution

Answer 10

Causes - Enlightenment ideals, taxation without representation, violation of natural rights
Effects - political and legal equality for white men of property, American independence

Question 11

Causes and Effects of the French Revolution

Answer 11

Causes - Rising Bread Prices, debt, war, social class system, unfair taxes, Enlightenment ideals
Effects - Effects - Rise of Napoleon, development of nationalism, inspired Haitian and Latin American revolutions

Question 12

Causes of the Haitian Revolution

Answer 12

Causes - Enlightenment ideals, social and racial inequalities, slave revolt
Effects - Effects - only successful slave rebellion= fear in slave owning/trading countries

Question 13

Nationalism

Answer 13

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country; modern origin in France
German and Italian unification as examples

Question 14

Abolitionist Movement

Answer 14

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.

Question 15

Agricultural output / Industrial Revolution

Answer 15

Increased yields and mechanization meant fewer farm workers were needed; resulted in numerous urban workers being available

Question 16

prominence

Answer 16

importance

Question 17

Industrial Revolution

Answer 17

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s in Britain

Question 18

“Fossil fuels revolution”

Answer 18

Def: With the invention of the steam engine and the internal combustion engine, the source of energy moved from wood to coal and oil

Question 19

Railroads, steamships, telegraphs

Answer 19

Increased trade and migration

Question 20

Social effects of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 20

• increase in population of cities
• loss of family stability
• new industrial, urban working class
• expansion of middle class
• harsh conditions for laborers
• improved standard of living
• creation of new jobs

Question 21

Women in the Industrial Revolution

Answer 21

Unmarried women (young single/widows) became employed in factories, and often made up the majority of workers. Women often left outside work after they married, but might continue to work at home.

Question 22

Environmental effects of the Industrial Revolution

Answer 22

Air and water pollution, deforestation in urban areas

Question 23

British origins of Industrial Revolution

Answer 23

Reasons - Ample and easy access to coal and iron, numerous waterways (water powered mills), access to world trade

Question 24

Capitalism

Answer 24

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Question 25

Communism/ Socialism

Answer 25

Economic/government system where government controls/owns all the means of production
Founded by Karl Marx

Question 26

Industrial Revolution effect on India

Answer 26

British textile production rose dramatically with numerous, cheap goods
This severely hurt traditional Indian textile production

Question 27

Meiji Reformation

Answer 27

-1600s-1850s Japan was isolated, 1853 Matthew Perry led us navy and arrived in japan - New government modernized/industrialized Japan- japan win 1894 war against china- japan wins 1905 war against russia -by 1900s japan had an empire

Question 28

Similarities between Russian and Japanese industrialization

Answer 28

1. Forced to industrialize because of foreign embarrassment (Crimean War, forced opening of Japan)
2. State sponsored/led industrialization
3. Women large percent of industrial workers
4. Reformed old social systems to modernize

Question 29

Differences between Russian and Japanese industrialization

Answer 29

Russia - foreign investment; Japan - internal investors
Japan more homogeneous/nationalist
Russia has more class struggles/Socialist revolts

Question 30

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Answer 30

Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia

Question 31

ethnic homogeneity

Answer 31

population is ethnically mostly the same

Question 32

Opium War

Answer 32

a conflict between Britain and Qing China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s opium trade in China

Question 33

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 33

“unequal treaty” to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace; resulted in “spheres of influence” in which foreign powers controlled China

Question 34

Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 34

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways; too little too late

Question 35

Sick Man of Europe

Answer 35

Western Europe’s nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans’ inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems

Question 36

Muhammad Ali

Answer 36

Foreign leader of Egypt who took control away from the Ottomans; he began the cotton textile industry here and attempted limited, unsuccessful reforms

Question 37

Shari’ah

Answer 37

Islamic Law

Question 38

Tanzimat Reforms (Ottoman Empire)

Answer 38

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876