APWH unit 8

Question 1

Cold War (1945-1991)

Answer 1

• a conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years
• ideological war/war of ideas: capitalism (United States) vs. communism (Soviet Union)
• Proxy wars
• Competing alliances
• waged by political and economic means

Question 2

Satellite States in Eastern Europe

Answer 2

Countries in Eastern Europe that were independent but became politically and economically influenced/dependent on the Soviet Union. Also known as the Eastern Bloc.

Question 3

Containment

Answer 3

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Question 4

Non-Aligned Movement

Answer 4

During the cold war, this movement was led by India and Yugoslavia to stand apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry.

Question 5

Sukarno in Indonesia

Answer 5

Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia. Sukarno was the leader of his country’s struggle for Independence from the Netherlands.Organized and hosted Bandung Conference. Criticized both the US and USSR - Non-Aligned Movement

Question 6

Korean War (1950-1953)

Answer 6

began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively), but the conflict soon became international when, under U.S. leadership, the United Nations joined to support South Korea and China entered to aid North Korea. The war left Korea divided along the 38th parallel. The Korean War was an example of the U.S. Cold War policies of containment and militarization, setting the stage for the further enlargement of the U.S. defense perimeter in Asia (Vietnam)

Question 7

NATO

Answer 7

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Question 8

Warsaw Pact

Answer 8

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to NATO

Question 9

Nuclear Arms Race

Answer 9

the Cold War competition between superpowers to develop more powerful and greater numbers of nuclear weapons

Question 10

Space Race

Answer 10

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. i.e. Sputnik, moon landing

Question 11

China and Communism

Answer 11

Happened under the rule of Mao Zedong. This showed that Soviet ideals were spreading across the globe and had to be contained.

Question 12

Vietnam War

Answer 12

Proxy War - A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Question 13

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Answer 13

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later.

Question 14

Great Leap Forward

Answer 14

economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China’s vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.

Question 15

Holodomor

Answer 15

a man-made famine-genocide in which the USSR starved the people of Ukraine; killed millions

Question 16

Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)

Answer 16

Proxy War - USSR invaded Afghanistan in order to help support the pro-soviet, pro-communist government that was already there
Mujahideen (Muslim Afghan freedom fighters) used weapons provided by U.S. and its allies
One of the causes of USSR collapse

Question 17

Decolonization

Answer 17

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Question 18

Indian National Congress (INC)

Answer 18

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government.

Question 19

All Muslim League

Answer 19

An Indian nationalist group of Muslims who wanted an independent India - helped form a separate Pakistan in 1947

Question 20

Gandhi

Answer 20

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

Question 21

Ho Chi Minh

Answer 21

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Question 22

Mikhail Gorbachev

Answer 22

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Question 23

Glasnost and Perestroika

Answer 23

Two reform movements in Russia. Glasnost allowed free press and assembly and the right to criticize the gov’t. Perestroika opened the economy to capitalist elements and freedom.

Question 24

Decolonization of Africa

Answer 24

Difficulties included borders drawn by Europeans that included ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences/conflicts, lack of experience governing, and Cold War politics.

Question 25

Biafra secessionist movement

Answer 25

a movement by Igbo people in Nigeria to secede from the country

Question 26

Lumumba, Patrice

Answer 26

the first prime minister of the Republic of Congo who was assassinated in 1961 after his government was toppled by a CIA-backed military coup; Joseph Mobutu became military dictator following this

Question 27

Pinochet, Augusto

Answer 27

military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990 who came to power in a coup with the help of the United States; his rule resulted in widespread use of torture and liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime;

Question 28

Modification of communism

Answer 28

In order to apply communism to their mostly rural nations, Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh altered communist ideas to better rural peasants

Question 29

Ideology

Answer 29

a system of social or political ideas

Question 30

Apartheid in South Africa

Answer 30

This was the legal segregation of races in South Africa from the 1940’s-1990. The laws were passed by the whites-only government of the country These laws were removed in 1990 after immense political and economic pressure from Western countries, when activist Nelson Mandela was freed (and later became the first black president of the country).

Question 31

quell

Answer 31

to subdue, put down forcibly

Question 32

Suppression

Answer 32

holding back or restraining