Unit 5 Flashcards
Body Cavities
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity
Thoracic cavity
pleural cavities - lung
Pericardial cavity - heart
Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic
Separated by diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Viscera lined with serous membrane
Parietal layer - lines cavity walls
Visceral Layer - lines organ surfaces
Serous fluid to reduce friction
Parietal/visceral peritoneum - abdominopelvic cavity
Nervous system
Central Nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Sensory: Afférent
Motor : Efférent
Somatic: skeletal muscle, touch, temp, pain
Autonomic : Smooth, cardiac muscle, glands, sensory for organs
Sympathetic(flight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest & digest)
Somatic
Effect skeletal muscle (voluntary)
One neuron system
Acetylcholine excitatory transmitter
Autonomic
Cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Two neuron system: presynaptic, and post synaptic
Pre synaptic neuron - acetylcholine, excitatory
postsynaptic neuron - varies between sympathetic (norepinephrine, epinephrine) and parasympathetic (acetylcholine)
Excite and inhibit
Division of autonomic
Sympathetic, thoracolumbar region
Parasympathetic, brainstem 3,7,9,10 and sacral
Sympathetic
Origin of neuron cell body- thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
Fiber length, presynaptic short postsynaptic long
Ganglia close to spinal cord
Sympathetic chain, prevertebral and collateral ganglia
Parasympathetic
Brain and sacral spinal cord
Presynaptic long post synaptic short
In/near visceral effector of organs (terminal ganglia)
Named ganglia in head
Intramural ganglia in thorax and abdomen
Only innervates internal organs
Inhibits or slows down functions
Only major not inhibited is digestion
Presynaptic neuron bodies - CN III, VII, IX, X, S2-4
Cranial outflow of parasympathetic
Oculomotor nerve - smooth muscle in eye
Facial nerve - lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual
Glossopharyngeal nerve - parotid gland
Vagus nerve - organs in thorax & GI tract through 2/3 of transverse colon
Sacral outflow
Presynaptic neurons originate from s2-4
Fibers travel through ventral root to spinal nerve to ventral rami
Exit ventral ramifications as pelvic splanchnic nerve
Synapse in intramural ganglia
Post synaptic fibers innervates remainder of GI tract from distal 1/3 of transverse colon & pelvic viscera
Sympathetic nervous system
Widespread, speeds up and stimulate functions
Major body function not stimulate is digestion
Paravertebral ganglia - sympathetic chain, both sides, extend from cranial base to coccyx
Pervertebral ganglia - abdominal aorta, celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion
Sympathetic outflow
Synapses at paravertebral ganglia at same level
Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at different level
Does not synapse on chain (splanchnic nerve) - will synapse at a prevertebral ganglia on abdominal aorta
Adrenal medulla
Postsynaptic sympathetic neurons located in medulla of adrenal gland.
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood vessel
Blood
Transportation of nutrients, waste, and hormones
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
Right side of heart pumps blood to lungs then goes back left side of the heart.
Left side of heart pumps blood to the body and goes back to right side of the heart
Great vessels of the heart
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary eins
Pulmonary trunk and arteries
Aorta
Right side
Atrium
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
Ventricle
Deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk that splits into two arteries
Left side
Oxygenated blood from 2 right pulmonary veins and 2 left pulmonary veins
Aorta: ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta
Valves
Atrioventricular
Tricuspid - between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid or mitral valve - between left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve - between left ventricle and aorta
Heart sounds
Systole : ventricle contract to pump blood out of the heart
Diastole : ventricle relax so blood can fill again
Layers of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Internal features - right atrium
Pectinate muscle
Fossa oval is
Opening of coronary sinus
Internal features - right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle
Internal features - left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle
Aorta
Bicuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Arterial coronary circulation
Maximal blood flow to the myocardium occurs when the heart is relaxed
There is very little blood flow through the coronary circulation when the heart it s contracting
Contraction of myocardium compresses coronary arteries
Entrances into the coronary circulation are partially blocked by the cusp of the open aortic semilunar valve
Circulation
Base of aorta - right coronary artery - marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery
Left coronary artery - circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery
Venous coronary circulation
Small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein - coronary sinus - right atrium
Intrinsic Conduction
SA Node- AV Node- AV Bundle (His) - Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibers
Fetal vs post-natal circulation
Fetus has no functioning lungs
Can’t provide nutrients
cannot remove waste
Utilizes mother’s circulation to compensate for deficiencies
Fetal circulation
Placenta
Umbilical vein towards baby (oxygenated by mother circulation)
2 umbilical arteries away from baby (deoxygenated)
Umbilical vein pass through primitive liver and carries blood to IVC
Régresses to form ligamentum teres which is found within inferior edge of falciform ligament
Foramen ovale
Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium to bypass the lungs
Small amounts to lung to nourish tissue
Fossa ovalis after closure
Ductus arteriosus
shunts blood that made to left pulmonary artery to aorta
Ligamentum arteriousus after closure
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Gas exchange, sound production, air conditioning (humidify/warm), air conduction, air filtration
Divisions
Conducting division : conduit for air to reach sites of gas exchange (nose - terminal bronchioles)
Respiratory division : gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles - alveolus)
Conducting division
Nose, Pharynx (Naso, Oro, laryngo) Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Respiratory division
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Nasal Cavity
external nares (nostrils)
Lateral wall contains 3 pairs of nasal conchae
Filtration, warm, humidify
Conchae - create turbulence of air entering nasal cavity, aids warming air, remove particulate material
Meatuses- spaces below each concha, nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses open into meatuses
Pharynx
Vagus and Glossopharyngeal sensory innervation
Vagus motor innervation
Nasopharynx - Base of skill to soft palate, pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged), Opening of auditory tube (Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube)
Oropharynx - Soft palate to tip of epiglottis, air and food passage, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx - tip of epiglottis to superior esophagus, inferior border of cricoid cartilage, air and food passage
Larynx
Voice box
Opens into pharynx continuous with trachea inferiority
9 cartilages which holds airway open
3 unpaired, 3 paired
Vocal folds (cords)
Larynx cartilage
Unpaired
Thyroid cartilage - largest, formed by two broad and flat laminae, most superior point of site of fusion between two laminae projects forward as laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Epiglottis - attached to posterior aspect of thyroid cartilage, helps protect opening of larynx
Cricoid cartilage - Only laryngeal cartilage to form complete ring, shaped like a signet ring (broad posterior, narrow anterior)
Paired
Arytenoid cartilages - pyramid shaped, attachment site for muscles
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Vocal folds
Folds of mucosa overlying membranous thickenings
Two pairs
False vocal folds (vestibular folds)
True vocal folds (vocal folds)- inferior to false vocal cords, sound produced when air is expelled and passes between vocal folds, intrinsic laryngeal muscles adjust tension of fold to adjust pitche
Trachea
Direct continuation of larynx
Anterior to esophagus
C shaped cartilage rings hold open
Bifurcates into right and left primary bronchus
Bronchi
Primary bronchi,
Right primary bronchus - wider and more vertical course
Left primary bronchus - smaller and less direct course than right
Secondary bronchi - each supplies a lobe of the lung, right 3 left 2
Tertiary bronchi - each segmental bronchi supplies a bronchopulmonary segment, left 8 right 10
Bronchioles
Lead to respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory division
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Lungs
Organs of respiration
Base sits on diaphragm and apex projects above rib
Hilum medial surface where structures enter and exit lung
Root short tubular collection of structures that attach lung to mediastinum
Pulmonary artery - 2 veins, main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, lymphatics
Lungs
Right 3 lobes, 2 fissures, oblique and horizontal
Left 2 lobes 1 fissures, oblique only, cardiac notch, lingula - tongue like extension of lower part of superior lobe
Muscles of abdominal wall
Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Ventral rami of T7-L
Ribs, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia attachment
Layers
Deep to superficial
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominus
External abdominal oblique
Muscles of abdominal wall
3 muscles replaced by an aponeurosis as they continue towards midline - external oblique, internal oblique, and Transversus abdominis.
Forms anterior & posterior Rectus sheath (encloses Rectus abdominis)
Rectus abdominis intersected by three or four tendinous intersections
Inguinal région
Junction between anterior abdominal wall & thigh
External oblique aponeurosis folds back onto itself to form inguinal ligament
Inguinal canal - slit like passage extend downward and medial
Deep inguinal ring & continues for 4 cm ending at superficial inguinal ring
Spermatic cord and round ligament
Inguinal hernia
Indirect - in canal 2/3
Direct - directly through abdominal wall 1/3
Muscles of the pelvis
Funnel shaped pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm
Levator ani and coccygeus
Abdominal Quadrants
Upper right - gallbladder, right kidney, liver, pancreas
Upper left - spleen, left kidney, pancreas, stomach
Lower right - appendix, proximal small intestine
Lower left - descending and sigmoid colon
Wall organization of GI tract
Mucosa - protection, absorption, secretion
Submucosa - loose CT glads, vessels, nerves
Muscularis externa - mechanical breakdown, movement, stomach has 3rd layer, oblique
Serosa or adventitia - visceral peritoneum
Peritoneum
Thin membrane lines wall of abdominal cavity and covers viscera
Parietal peritoneum lines cavity and visceral peritoneum covers the viscera
Parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum contain serous fluid to allow organ movement
Mesentery
Double layers folds of peritoneum connect organs to one another and the body wall
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Oral Cavity
Teeth for physical digestion
Three paired salivary glands begin chemical digestion
Parotid glad, sublingual, submandibular
Stimulated by parasympathetic, inhibited by sympathetic
Pharynx
Food passes oral cavity into pharynx
2 parts
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
GI Tract divisions
Foregut - inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, proximal half of duodenum
Midgut - distal half of duodenum, jéjunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
Hindgut - distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, superior part of rectum
Esophagus
Direct continuation of pharynx at C6 level - posterior to trachea, flat unless filled with a bolus of food
Pierces the diaphragm at esophageal hiatus (t10)
Muscularis externa of superior portion is skeletal, inferior is smooth
No enzymes no absorption
Stomach
Dilated (j-shaped)
Receives bolus of food from esophagus
Mixing and holding area for food
Digestive enzymes, some substances absorbed by stomach
Enter cardia - fundus top - body - pyloric antrum- pyloric canal - pyloric sphincter empties into duodenum with chyme
Medial lesser curvature - lateral greater curvature
Empty stomach - Mucosa lies term part longitudinal folds called rugae
3 layers, outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique
Peritoneal folds
Greater omentum attaches to greater curvature and transverse colon
Apron for intestines
Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature and duodenum, connects stomach to liver
Pancreas
Elongated gland posterior to the stomach
Functions both as endocrine and exocrine gland
99% functions as exocrine 1% as endocrine
Pancreatic enzymes for digestion
Glucagon and insulin into blood
Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla, drains into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
Liver
Inferior to diaphragm
Produce bile and detoxify blood from GI tract
Right lobe - largest
Left lobe
Quadrate lobe
Caudate lobe
Falciform ligament - divides liver into right and left lobes, anchors liver to anterior body wall, round ligament of liver, ligamentum teres hepatis is obliterated remnant of umbilical vein
Coronary ligament - attache liver to diaphragm
Porta hepatis - common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein
Gallbladder
Pear shaped sac, located in posterior surface of right lobe liver
Concentrates and store excess bile from liver
Cystic duct to common bile duct
Small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Contain plica circulares , villi, microvilli increase surface area
Move chyme - peristalsis
Absorption, complete digestion
Mesentery proper
Anchors most of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
Large Intestine
Location for réabsorption of electrolytes and water, formation of feces
Cecum, ileum through iléocecal valve
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Teniae Coli- longitudinal band of smooth muscle
Haustra - sac-like pouches
Omental appendices - fat deposits
Mesocolon
Anchors provision of colon to posterior abdominal wall
Transverse and sigmoid
Lymphatic system
Drains excess interstitial fluid, produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes, hormones, nutrients, waste product
Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Converge towards thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct
Thoracic and right ducts
Right 1/4 - head neck thorax right upper limbs
Left 3/4
Lymph
Fluid in lymphatic vessels
Excess interstitial fluid usually clear and water, similar to plasma
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue facing respiratory and digestive tracts
Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
Thymus gland
Located posterior to sternum
Immune system development
Atrophies and becomes non0functional in adults
Spleen
Largest lymphatic tissue organ in body
Product lymphocytes and filters blood
Destroy bacteria and worn out RBC
Arteries of parietal abdomen
Superior and inferior epigastric enter rectus sheath - anastomose together
Aorta
Anterior branches
Big 3
Lateral branches
Blood supply to abdomen
Foregut : supplied by Celiac trunk
midgut : superior mesenteric branches
hindgut : inferior mesenteric
Celiac Trunk
Left gastric artery
Splenic
Common hepatic
Gastroduodenal, proper hepatic - right hepatic, left hepatic, cystic, right gastric
Left gastric
Superior branch of Celia trunk left towards lesser curvature, supplies stomach and esophagus
Splenic artery
Left branch of Celia trunk
Travels toward spleen
Supplies pancreas and spleen
Common hepatitis artery
Right branch of Celiac trunk
Liver and gallbladder
Proper hepatic, gastroduodenal
Proper hepatic artery
Superior branch of common hepatic
Travels toward liver and medial to bile duct
Branches into Right and left hepatic artery
Cystic artery
Usually arises from hepatic artery
Gallbladder and cystic duct
Right gastric artery
Usually arises from proper hepatic artery
Anastomoses with left gastric artery
Supplies lesser curvature of stomach
Gastroduodenal artery
Inferior branch of common hepatic
Travels toward junction of stomach & duodenum
Superior mesenteric
Second major unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta below diaphragm
Located inferior to celiac
Small intestine besides duodenum, appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and 2/3 transverse colon
Intestinal branches
Ileocolic, right colic, middle colic
Inferior mesenteric
Third major unpaired branch abdominal aorta inferior to diaphragm
Superior to aortic bifurcation
Supplies distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and superior rectum
Left colic, sigmoidal, superior rectal
Viscera
Suprarenal artérioles - paired visceral branches off abdominal aorta, supply adrenal glands
Renal artérioles - paired visceral branches off abdominal aorta, supply kidneys
Gonadal - supply gonads
Innervation to visceral abdomen
Sympathetic
Enters via splanchnic nerves
Presynaptic. Short will synapse with post synaptic long neurons in celiac the superior Mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia
Post synaptic sympathetic fibers the travel visceral organs
Parasympathetic
Vagus nerve - presynaptic long reach celiac trunk and SMA and travel along vessel to destination postsynaptic short
Pelvic splanchnic - reach IMA and travel along vessels
Venous drainage
Caval system of veins - inferior vena cava
Portal system - hepatic portal vein
Inferior vena cava
Larges vein in body
Renal veins
Right gonadal vein
Right suprarenal vein
Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal system
Double capillary system
Blood filtered through liver returned to general circulation
Portal vein- union of splenic and SMV
Return from spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, abdominal gastrointestinal
Returns nutrient rich poorly oxygenated blood
