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ANATOMY 2300 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Body Cavities

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

Thoracic cavity
pleural cavities - lung
Pericardial cavity - heart
Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic
Separated by diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

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2
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Viscera lined with serous membrane
Parietal layer - lines cavity walls
Visceral Layer - lines organ surfaces
Serous fluid to reduce friction

Parietal/visceral peritoneum - abdominopelvic cavity

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3
Q

Nervous system

A

Central Nervous system
Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system
Sensory: Afférent
Motor : Efférent

Somatic: skeletal muscle, touch, temp, pain
Autonomic : Smooth, cardiac muscle, glands, sensory for organs
Sympathetic(flight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest & digest)

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4
Q

Somatic

A

Effect skeletal muscle (voluntary)
One neuron system
Acetylcholine excitatory transmitter

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5
Q

Autonomic

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle and glands
Two neuron system: presynaptic, and post synaptic
Pre synaptic neuron - acetylcholine, excitatory
postsynaptic neuron - varies between sympathetic (norepinephrine, epinephrine) and parasympathetic (acetylcholine)
Excite and inhibit

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6
Q

Division of autonomic

A

Sympathetic, thoracolumbar region
Parasympathetic, brainstem 3,7,9,10 and sacral

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7
Q

Sympathetic

A

Origin of neuron cell body- thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
Fiber length, presynaptic short postsynaptic long
Ganglia close to spinal cord
Sympathetic chain, prevertebral and collateral ganglia

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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Brain and sacral spinal cord

Presynaptic long post synaptic short
In/near visceral effector of organs (terminal ganglia)

Named ganglia in head
Intramural ganglia in thorax and abdomen

Only innervates internal organs
Inhibits or slows down functions
Only major not inhibited is digestion

Presynaptic neuron bodies - CN III, VII, IX, X, S2-4

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9
Q

Cranial outflow of parasympathetic

A

Oculomotor nerve - smooth muscle in eye
Facial nerve - lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual
Glossopharyngeal nerve - parotid gland
Vagus nerve - organs in thorax & GI tract through 2/3 of transverse colon

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10
Q

Sacral outflow

A

Presynaptic neurons originate from s2-4
Fibers travel through ventral root to spinal nerve to ventral rami
Exit ventral ramifications as pelvic splanchnic nerve
Synapse in intramural ganglia
Post synaptic fibers innervates remainder of GI tract from distal 1/3 of transverse colon & pelvic viscera

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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Widespread, speeds up and stimulate functions
Major body function not stimulate is digestion
Paravertebral ganglia - sympathetic chain, both sides, extend from cranial base to coccyx
Pervertebral ganglia - abdominal aorta, celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

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12
Q

Sympathetic outflow

A

Synapses at paravertebral ganglia at same level
Synapse at paravertebral ganglia at different level
Does not synapse on chain (splanchnic nerve) - will synapse at a prevertebral ganglia on abdominal aorta

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13
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Postsynaptic sympathetic neurons located in medulla of adrenal gland.
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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14
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessel
Blood

Transportation of nutrients, waste, and hormones

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15
Q

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A

Right side of heart pumps blood to lungs then goes back left side of the heart.

Left side of heart pumps blood to the body and goes back to right side of the heart

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16
Q

Great vessels of the heart

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Pulmonary eins

Pulmonary trunk and arteries
Aorta

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17
Q

Right side

A

Atrium
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

Ventricle
Deoxygenated blood into pulmonary trunk that splits into two arteries

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18
Q

Left side

A

Oxygenated blood from 2 right pulmonary veins and 2 left pulmonary veins

Aorta: ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta

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19
Q

Valves

A

Atrioventricular
Tricuspid - between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid or mitral valve - between left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve - between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve - between left ventricle and aorta

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20
Q

Heart sounds

A

Systole : ventricle contract to pump blood out of the heart
Diastole : ventricle relax so blood can fill again

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21
Q

Layers of the heart

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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22
Q

Internal features - right atrium

A

Pectinate muscle
Fossa oval is
Opening of coronary sinus

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23
Q

Internal features - right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve
Chordae tendineae
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle

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24
Q

Internal features - left ventricle

A

Aortic semilunar valve
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscle
Aorta
Bicuspid valve
Chordae tendineae

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25
Q

Arterial coronary circulation

A

Maximal blood flow to the myocardium occurs when the heart is relaxed
There is very little blood flow through the coronary circulation when the heart it s contracting
Contraction of myocardium compresses coronary arteries
Entrances into the coronary circulation are partially blocked by the cusp of the open aortic semilunar valve

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26
Q

Circulation

A

Base of aorta - right coronary artery - marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery
Left coronary artery - circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery

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27
Q

Venous coronary circulation

A

Small cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, great cardiac vein - coronary sinus - right atrium

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28
Q

Intrinsic Conduction

A

SA Node- AV Node- AV Bundle (His) - Bundle Branches - Purkinje Fibers

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29
Q

Fetal vs post-natal circulation

A

Fetus has no functioning lungs
Can’t provide nutrients
cannot remove waste
Utilizes mother’s circulation to compensate for deficiencies

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30
Q

Fetal circulation

A

Placenta
Umbilical vein towards baby (oxygenated by mother circulation)
2 umbilical arteries away from baby (deoxygenated)

Umbilical vein pass through primitive liver and carries blood to IVC
Régresses to form ligamentum teres which is found within inferior edge of falciform ligament

Foramen ovale
Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium to bypass the lungs
Small amounts to lung to nourish tissue
Fossa ovalis after closure

Ductus arteriosus
shunts blood that made to left pulmonary artery to aorta
Ligamentum arteriousus after closure

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31
Q

Respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

Gas exchange, sound production, air conditioning (humidify/warm), air conduction, air filtration

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32
Q

Divisions

A

Conducting division : conduit for air to reach sites of gas exchange (nose - terminal bronchioles)
Respiratory division : gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles - alveolus)

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33
Q

Conducting division

A

Nose, Pharynx (Naso, Oro, laryngo) Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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34
Q

Respiratory division

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

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35
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

external nares (nostrils)
Lateral wall contains 3 pairs of nasal conchae
Filtration, warm, humidify

Conchae - create turbulence of air entering nasal cavity, aids warming air, remove particulate material
Meatuses- spaces below each concha, nasolacrimal ducts and paranasal sinuses open into meatuses

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36
Q

Pharynx

A

Vagus and Glossopharyngeal sensory innervation
Vagus motor innervation

Nasopharynx - Base of skill to soft palate, pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid if enlarged), Opening of auditory tube (Eustachian tube or pharyngotympanic tube)
Oropharynx - Soft palate to tip of epiglottis, air and food passage, palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx - tip of epiglottis to superior esophagus, inferior border of cricoid cartilage, air and food passage

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37
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box
Opens into pharynx continuous with trachea inferiority
9 cartilages which holds airway open
3 unpaired, 3 paired
Vocal folds (cords)

38
Q

Larynx cartilage

A

Unpaired
Thyroid cartilage - largest, formed by two broad and flat laminae, most superior point of site of fusion between two laminae projects forward as laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
Epiglottis - attached to posterior aspect of thyroid cartilage, helps protect opening of larynx
Cricoid cartilage - Only laryngeal cartilage to form complete ring, shaped like a signet ring (broad posterior, narrow anterior)

Paired
Arytenoid cartilages - pyramid shaped, attachment site for muscles
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages

39
Q

Vocal folds

A

Folds of mucosa overlying membranous thickenings
Two pairs
False vocal folds (vestibular folds)
True vocal folds (vocal folds)- inferior to false vocal cords, sound produced when air is expelled and passes between vocal folds, intrinsic laryngeal muscles adjust tension of fold to adjust pitche

40
Q

Trachea

A

Direct continuation of larynx
Anterior to esophagus
C shaped cartilage rings hold open
Bifurcates into right and left primary bronchus

41
Q

Bronchi

A

Primary bronchi,
Right primary bronchus - wider and more vertical course
Left primary bronchus - smaller and less direct course than right
Secondary bronchi - each supplies a lobe of the lung, right 3 left 2
Tertiary bronchi - each segmental bronchi supplies a bronchopulmonary segment, left 8 right 10

42
Q

Bronchioles

A

Lead to respiratory bronchioles

43
Q

Respiratory division

A

Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

44
Q

Lungs

A

Organs of respiration
Base sits on diaphragm and apex projects above rib
Hilum medial surface where structures enter and exit lung
Root short tubular collection of structures that attach lung to mediastinum
Pulmonary artery - 2 veins, main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves, lymphatics

45
Q

Lungs

A

Right 3 lobes, 2 fissures, oblique and horizontal
Left 2 lobes 1 fissures, oblique only, cardiac notch, lingula - tongue like extension of lower part of superior lobe

46
Q

Muscles of abdominal wall

A

Rectus abdominis
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Ventral rami of T7-L
Ribs, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia attachment

47
Q

Layers

A

Deep to superficial
Transversus abdominis
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominus
External abdominal oblique

48
Q

Muscles of abdominal wall

A

3 muscles replaced by an aponeurosis as they continue towards midline - external oblique, internal oblique, and Transversus abdominis.
Forms anterior & posterior Rectus sheath (encloses Rectus abdominis)
Rectus abdominis intersected by three or four tendinous intersections

49
Q

Inguinal région

A

Junction between anterior abdominal wall & thigh
External oblique aponeurosis folds back onto itself to form inguinal ligament
Inguinal canal - slit like passage extend downward and medial
Deep inguinal ring & continues for 4 cm ending at superficial inguinal ring
Spermatic cord and round ligament

50
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Indirect - in canal 2/3
Direct - directly through abdominal wall 1/3

51
Q

Muscles of the pelvis

A

Funnel shaped pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm
Levator ani and coccygeus

52
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

Upper right - gallbladder, right kidney, liver, pancreas
Upper left - spleen, left kidney, pancreas, stomach
Lower right - appendix, proximal small intestine
Lower left - descending and sigmoid colon

53
Q

Wall organization of GI tract

A

Mucosa - protection, absorption, secretion
Submucosa - loose CT glads, vessels, nerves
Muscularis externa - mechanical breakdown, movement, stomach has 3rd layer, oblique
Serosa or adventitia - visceral peritoneum

54
Q

Peritoneum

A

Thin membrane lines wall of abdominal cavity and covers viscera
Parietal peritoneum lines cavity and visceral peritoneum covers the viscera
Parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum contain serous fluid to allow organ movement

55
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layers folds of peritoneum connect organs to one another and the body wall
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

56
Q

Oral Cavity

A

Teeth for physical digestion
Three paired salivary glands begin chemical digestion
Parotid glad, sublingual, submandibular
Stimulated by parasympathetic, inhibited by sympathetic

57
Q

Pharynx

A

Food passes oral cavity into pharynx
2 parts
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

58
Q

GI Tract divisions

A

Foregut - inferior esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, proximal half of duodenum
Midgut - distal half of duodenum, jéjunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
Hindgut - distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, superior part of rectum

59
Q

Esophagus

A

Direct continuation of pharynx at C6 level - posterior to trachea, flat unless filled with a bolus of food
Pierces the diaphragm at esophageal hiatus (t10)
Muscularis externa of superior portion is skeletal, inferior is smooth
No enzymes no absorption

60
Q

Stomach

A

Dilated (j-shaped)
Receives bolus of food from esophagus
Mixing and holding area for food
Digestive enzymes, some substances absorbed by stomach

Enter cardia - fundus top - body - pyloric antrum- pyloric canal - pyloric sphincter empties into duodenum with chyme

Medial lesser curvature - lateral greater curvature

Empty stomach - Mucosa lies term part longitudinal folds called rugae
3 layers, outer longitudinal, middle circular, and inner oblique

61
Q

Peritoneal folds

A

Greater omentum attaches to greater curvature and transverse colon
Apron for intestines
Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature and duodenum, connects stomach to liver

62
Q

Pancreas

A

Elongated gland posterior to the stomach
Functions both as endocrine and exocrine gland
99% functions as exocrine 1% as endocrine
Pancreatic enzymes for digestion
Glucagon and insulin into blood
Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla, drains into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla

63
Q

Liver

A

Inferior to diaphragm
Produce bile and detoxify blood from GI tract
Right lobe - largest
Left lobe
Quadrate lobe
Caudate lobe

Falciform ligament - divides liver into right and left lobes, anchors liver to anterior body wall, round ligament of liver, ligamentum teres hepatis is obliterated remnant of umbilical vein
Coronary ligament - attache liver to diaphragm
Porta hepatis - common hepatic duct, hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein

64
Q

Gallbladder

A

Pear shaped sac, located in posterior surface of right lobe liver
Concentrates and store excess bile from liver
Cystic duct to common bile duct

65
Q

Small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Contain plica circulares , villi, microvilli increase surface area
Move chyme - peristalsis
Absorption, complete digestion

66
Q

Mesentery proper

A

Anchors most of small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

67
Q

Large Intestine

A

Location for réabsorption of electrolytes and water, formation of feces
Cecum, ileum through iléocecal valve
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Teniae Coli- longitudinal band of smooth muscle
Haustra - sac-like pouches
Omental appendices - fat deposits

68
Q

Mesocolon

A

Anchors provision of colon to posterior abdominal wall
Transverse and sigmoid

69
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Drains excess interstitial fluid, produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes, hormones, nutrients, waste product

Lymph vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen

Converge towards thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct

70
Q

Thoracic and right ducts

A

Right 1/4 - head neck thorax right upper limbs
Left 3/4

71
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid in lymphatic vessels
Excess interstitial fluid usually clear and water, similar to plasma

72
Q

Tonsils

A

Lymphoid tissue facing respiratory and digestive tracts
Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual

73
Q

Thymus gland

A

Located posterior to sternum
Immune system development
Atrophies and becomes non0functional in adults

74
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphatic tissue organ in body
Product lymphocytes and filters blood
Destroy bacteria and worn out RBC

75
Q

Arteries of parietal abdomen

A

Superior and inferior epigastric enter rectus sheath - anastomose together

76
Q

Aorta

A

Anterior branches
Big 3
Lateral branches

77
Q

Blood supply to abdomen

A

Foregut : supplied by Celiac trunk
midgut : superior mesenteric branches
hindgut : inferior mesenteric

78
Q

Celiac Trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic
Common hepatic

Gastroduodenal, proper hepatic - right hepatic, left hepatic, cystic, right gastric

79
Q

Left gastric

A

Superior branch of Celia trunk left towards lesser curvature, supplies stomach and esophagus

80
Q

Splenic artery

A

Left branch of Celia trunk
Travels toward spleen
Supplies pancreas and spleen

81
Q

Common hepatitis artery

A

Right branch of Celiac trunk
Liver and gallbladder
Proper hepatic, gastroduodenal

82
Q

Proper hepatic artery

A

Superior branch of common hepatic
Travels toward liver and medial to bile duct
Branches into Right and left hepatic artery

83
Q

Cystic artery

A

Usually arises from hepatic artery
Gallbladder and cystic duct

84
Q

Right gastric artery

A

Usually arises from proper hepatic artery
Anastomoses with left gastric artery
Supplies lesser curvature of stomach

85
Q

Gastroduodenal artery

A

Inferior branch of common hepatic
Travels toward junction of stomach & duodenum

86
Q

Superior mesenteric

A

Second major unpaired branch off the abdominal aorta below diaphragm
Located inferior to celiac
Small intestine besides duodenum, appendix, cecum, ascending colon, and 2/3 transverse colon
Intestinal branches
Ileocolic, right colic, middle colic

87
Q

Inferior mesenteric

A

Third major unpaired branch abdominal aorta inferior to diaphragm
Superior to aortic bifurcation
Supplies distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and superior rectum
Left colic, sigmoidal, superior rectal

88
Q

Viscera

A

Suprarenal artérioles - paired visceral branches off abdominal aorta, supply adrenal glands
Renal artérioles - paired visceral branches off abdominal aorta, supply kidneys
Gonadal - supply gonads

89
Q

Innervation to visceral abdomen

A

Sympathetic
Enters via splanchnic nerves
Presynaptic. Short will synapse with post synaptic long neurons in celiac the superior Mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia
Post synaptic sympathetic fibers the travel visceral organs

Parasympathetic
Vagus nerve - presynaptic long reach celiac trunk and SMA and travel along vessel to destination postsynaptic short
Pelvic splanchnic - reach IMA and travel along vessels

90
Q

Venous drainage

A

Caval system of veins - inferior vena cava
Portal system - hepatic portal vein

91
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Larges vein in body
Renal veins
Right gonadal vein
Right suprarenal vein
Hepatic vein

92
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Double capillary system
Blood filtered through liver returned to general circulation

Portal vein- union of splenic and SMV
Return from spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, abdominal gastrointestinal
Returns nutrient rich poorly oxygenated blood

ANATOMY 2300 (11 decks)

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