Axial Skeleton

Question 1

Vertebral Column

Answer 1

Trunk support, protection
Cervical 7, 2˚ primary curvatures
Thoracic 12, 1˚ primary curvatures
Lumbar 5, 2˚ primary curvatures
Sacral 5, 1˚ primary curvatures
Coccygeal 4

Question 2

Abnormal curvatures

Answer 2

Kyphosis - hunchback posterior deviation lateral view
Lordosis - pregnancy, anterior deviation
Scoliosis - lateral deviation, posterior view

Question 3

Vertebrae features

Answer 3

Vertebral body, pedicle, transverse process, lamina, spinous process
Superior articular process, inferior articular process
Intervertebral Disc - anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus, hylaine cartilage layer
Intervertébral Foramen.

Question 4

Cervical spine (C3-C7)

Answer 4

2 Transverse Foramen
Triangle vertebral canal
Bifid spinous process
Short transverse process

Question 5

Thoracic spine

Answer 5

T1-T12
Intermediate round vertebral canal
Rib/costal facet
Long and pointed spinal process
Transverse process, head of rib

Question 6

Lumbar spine

Answer 6

L1-L5
Big vertebral body
Small vertebral canal
Blunt spinal process

Question 7

Atlas and Axis

Answer 7

Atlas:
C1
No vertebral body, nodding motion
Axis:
C2
Dens bump interacts with atlas, Swivel head motion, bifid tip

Question 8

Thoracic vertebrae articulation

Answer 8

Head of the rib articulates with body of vertebrae
Tubercule of the rib articulates with transverse process of vertebrae

Question 9

Sacral & Coccygeal

Answer 9

S1-S5
Fused vertebrae

Question 10

Sternum

Answer 10

Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle between manubrium and body
7 notches for costal cartilage
Xiphoid process

Question 11

Sternal/Ribb articulation

Answer 11

Interchondral joints for false ribs
Synovial joints between cartilage

Question 12

Ribs

Answer 12

True ribs (pairs 1-7)
False ribs (8-10)
Floating (11-12)

Question 13

Ribs

Answer 13

12 pairs
Transverse process articulate with tubercule
Head articulate with vertebrae body

Question 14

Erector Spinae muscles

Answer 14

Deep back muscle
Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae origin
Lateral of Thoracic, cervical vertebrae. Rib and skull insertion
Unilateral - lateral flexion of head and vertebral column
Bilateral - Extend head and vertebral column
Dorsal rami of spinal cord
Lateral iliocostalis - longissimus - spinalis

Question 15

Bones of Pectoral girdle and upper limb

Answer 15

Pectoral girdle -
Clavicle
Scapula

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals metacarpals phalanges

Question 16

Pectoral Girdle

Answer 16

Sternoclavicular joint between Sternum and clavicle
Acromioclavicular joint between acromion and clavicle
Glenohumeral joint between glenoid cavity and humerus

Question 17

Clavicle

Answer 17

Lateral Acromial end
Medial Sternal end
Subclavian groove for attachment of subclavius muscle
Conoid tubercle
Trapezoid line

Question 18

Scapula

Answer 18

Subscapular fossa sits against thoracic cage
Supraspinous foss, Spine of scapula, Infraspinous fossa

Coracoid process
Acromion
Glenoid cavity

Question 19

Humerus

Answer 19

Head, Anatomical neck
Greater tubercle (post), Lesser tubercle (ant)
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove

Distal
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Lat. Med epicondyle
Condyle - Capitulum, Trochlea

Posterior
Olecranon fossa

Question 20

Ulna

Answer 20

Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Head of ulna (distal)
Styloid process of ulna

Proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Question 21

Radius

Answer 21

Head of radius (proximal)
Neck
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius (distal)

Question 22

Elbow joint

Answer 22

Flex
Coranoid fossa medial
Radial fossa lateral
Coranoid process inserts into coranoid fossa

Extend
Olecranon process into fossa

Pronation - radius over ulna
Supination - anatomical position

Question 23

Carpal Bones

Answer 23

L-M
Proximal - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 24

Metacarpals and phalanges

Answer 24

Thumb - Pollux
Distal and proximal

2-5
Proximal, middle, and distal