Brain And Nervous System

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

Brain
Spinal Cord
Integrate information from PNS and coordinates and influences activity of all parts of the body
Cell body Collection: Nucleus, Tract or fascicules

Question 2

PNS

Answer 2

31 pairs of spinal nerves and branches
12 pairs of cranial nerves and branches
Plexuses
Ganglia
Provide information about internal and external environment
Somatic and autonomic
Cell body collection : Ganglion, Nerve

Question 3

Cells

Answer 3

Neurons - Excitable
Neuroglial cells - Supportive
Neuronal cell body, Dendrites, Axons

Question 4

Matter

Answer 4

White matter, myelinated axons
Gray matter, cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia

Question 5

Matter in CNS

Answer 5

Spinal Cord - Central cavity surrounded by gray matter core with white matter external
Brain - Additional areas of gray matter, Cerebrum and cerebellum has outer layer of gray matter called cortex

Question 6

Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 6

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Cerebellum

Question 7

Terminology

Answer 7

Gyrus - Elevated fold of the brain
Sulcus - a shallow groove between gyri
Fissure - deep groove between gyri, Lateral fissure - Transverse fissure - Longitudinal fissure

Question 8

Features of Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 8

Central Sulcus separates Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
Splits the Frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Question 9

Brain Cavity placement

Answer 9

Anterior cranial fossa - Frontal lobe
Middle cranial fossa - Temporal lobe
Posterior cranial fossa - Cerebellum

Question 10

Cerebral Hemisphere internal

Answer 10

Cerebral cortex- Gray matter
Internal white matter
Basal nuclei

Question 11

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 11

Conscious though, speech, memory, evaluation of sensory input, personality, initiation of voluntary motor movement
Motor areas
Sensory areas
Association areas
Each hemisphere responsible for contralateral side of body

Prefrontal Cortex - personality
Primary motor cortex - fine motor (Precentral gyrus)
Broca’s area - Motor speech
Primary sensory cortex - sensory (Postcentral gyrus)
Primary Auditory cortex - Hearing (temporal)
Primary visual cortex - vision (occipital)

Question 12

Cerebral White Matter

Answer 12

Commissural fibers - connecting gray matter areas between the two hemispheres, Corpus Callosum
Association fibers - Connecting same parts of same hemisphere, general white matter
Projection fibers - connecting cerebral cortex to other parts of CNS , spinal tracts

Question 13

Basal Nuclei

Answer 13

Caudate nucleus(Superior), putamen(Lateral), globus pallidus(Medial)
Function : regulating the initiation and termination of movement, extraneous muscle contraction
Damage leads to muscle rigidity and tremors - Parkinson’s, Huntingtons

Question 14

Central Brain

Answer 14

Thalamus- Relay center for all sensation entering the cerebral cortex but not OLFACTION(NO!!!) motor activity aid
Hypothalamus- Major regulator of internal environment, autonomic, limbic, and endocrine systems
Epithalamus- Sleep wake cycle with hypothalamus, pineal body secreting melatonin

Question 15

Brain Stem

Answer 15

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Autonomic behaviors- heart rate, respiration, ascending descending pathway
Nuclei for cranial III-XII located within brain stem
Midbrain projections and bulges - cerebral peduncles(ventral), superior colliculi(dorsal), inferior colliculi(dorsal)
Pigmented nuclei in white matter - substantia nigra (Parkinson’s
Oculomotor and trochlear associated

Question 16

Pons

Answer 16

Conduction tracts that course between higher brain centers and the spinal cord, motor cortex and cerebellum
Trigeminal 5
Abducens 6
Facial 7
Vestibulocochlear 8

Question 17

Medulla oblongata

Answer 17

Autonomic reflex housing visceral motor nuclei (Cardiovascular, respiratory)
Pyramids (ventral)
Vestibulocochlear 8
Glossopharyngeal 9
Vagus 10
Portion of accessory XI
Hypoglossal (XII)

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

timing and patterns of skeletal muscle
Error correcting feedback for movements
Cerebellar Hemispheres
Arbor Vitae (white matter)
Folia (gyri)