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APES > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted if it is not regulated in some way

A

Tragedy of the commons

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2
Q

The cost or benefit of a good or service that is not included in the purchase price of that good or service or otherwise accounted for

A

Externality

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3
Q

The maximum amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested without compromising the future availability of that resource

A

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

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4
Q

The belief that people should maximize use of resources, based on the greatest good for everyone

A

Resource conservation ethic

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5
Q

A U.S. classification used to designate lands that may be used for recreation, grazing, timber harvesting, and mineral extraction

A

Multiple-use lands

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6
Q

A dry open grassland primarily used for grazing cattle

A

Rangeland

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7
Q

Land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation and sometimes used for commercial logging

A

Forest

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8
Q

A method of harvesting trees that involves removing all or almost all of the trees within an area

A

Clear-cutting

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9
Q

The method of harvesting trees that involves the removal of single trees or a relatively small number of trees from the larger forest

A

Selective cutting

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10
Q

An approach to removing trees from forests in ways that do not unduly affect the viability of other noncommercial tree species

A

Ecologically sustainable forestry

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11
Q

A large area typically planted with a single rapidly growing tree species

A

Tree plantation

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12
Q

A fire deliberately set under controlled conditions in order to reduce the accumulation of dead biomass on a forest floor

A

Prescribed burn

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13
Q

A federal public land managed for the primary purpose of protecting wildlife

A

National wildlife refuge

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14
Q

An area set aside with the intent of preserving a large tract of intact ecosystem or landscape

A

National wilderness area

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15
Q

A 1969 U.S. federal act that mandates an environmental assessment of all projects involving federal money or federal permits

A

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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16
Q

A document outlining the scope and purpose of a development project, describing the environmental context, suggesting alternate approaches to the project, and analyzing the environmental impact of each alternative

A

Environmental impact statement (EIS)

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17
Q

A plan that outlines how a developer will address concerns raised by a project’s impact on the environment

A

Environmental mitigation plan

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18
Q

A 1973 U.S. act designed to protect species from extinction

A

Endangered species act

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19
Q

An area surrounding a metropolitan center, with a comparatively low population density

A

Suburb

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20
Q

An area similar to a suburb, but unconnected to any central city or densely populated area

A

Exurb

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21
Q

Urbanized areas that spread into rural areas, removing clear boundaries between the two

A

Urban sprawl

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22
Q

The degradation of the built and social environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs

A

Urban blight

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23
Q

A U.S. federal fund that pays for the construction and maintenance of roads and highways

A

Highway trust fund

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24
Q

The phenomenon in which an increase in the supply of a good causes demand to grow

A

Induced demand

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25
Q

A planning tool used to separate industry and business from residential neighborhoods

A

Zoning

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26
Q

A zoning classification that allows retail and high-density residential development to coexist in the same area

A

Multi-use zoning

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27
Q

A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities

A

Smart growth

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28
Q

A person or organization with an interest in a particular place or issue

A

Stakeholder

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29
Q

The feeling that an area has a distinct and meaningful character

A

Sense of place

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30
Q

Development that attempts to focus dense residential and retail development around stops for public transportation, a component of smart growth

A

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

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31
Q

Development that fills in vacant lots within existing communities rather than expanding into new land outside the city

A

Infill

32
Q

A restriction on development outside a designated area

A

Urban growth boundary

33
Q

The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health

A

Undernutrition

34
Q

Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals

A

Malnourished

35
Q

A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

A

Food security

36
Q

A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

A

Food insecurity

37
Q

The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period

A

Famine

38
Q

A deficiency of iron

A

Anemia

39
Q

Ingestion of too many calories and a lack of balance of foods and nutrients

A

Overnutrition

40
Q

Livestock or poultry consumed as food

A

Meat

41
Q

Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization to the production of food

A

Industrial agriculture/agribusiness

42
Q

The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced

A

Energy subsidy

43
Q

A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that resulted in increased food output

A

Green Revolution

44
Q

The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases

A

Economies of scale

45
Q

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods

A

Waterlogging

46
Q

A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amounts of soil in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation

A

Salinization

47
Q

Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals

A

Organic fertilizer

48
Q

Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels

A

Synthetic/inorganic fertilizer

49
Q

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety

A

Monocropping

50
Q

A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests

A

Pesticide

51
Q

A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

A

Insecticide

52
Q

A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops

A

Herbicide

53
Q

A pesticide that kills many different types of pest

A

Broad-spectrum pesticide

54
Q

A pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms

A

Selective/narrow-spectrum pesticide

55
Q

A pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time

A

Persistent pesticide

56
Q

A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months

A

Nonpersistent pesticide

57
Q

A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive

A

Pesticide resistance

58
Q

A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development

A

Pesticide treadmill

59
Q

A large indoor or outdoor structure designed for maximum output

A

Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

60
Q

Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds

A

Aquaculture

61
Q

A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region

A

Fishery

62
Q

The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more

A

Fishery collapse

63
Q

The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing

A

Bycatch

64
Q

An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients

A

Shifting agriculture

65
Q

A process where repeated trampling by humans, machinery, or animals causes a compaction of soil and a reduction in pore space

A

Soil compaction

66
Q

The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use

A

Desertification

67
Q

The feeding of herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances

A

Nomadic grazing

68
Q

Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer

A

Sustainable agriculture

69
Q

An agricultural method in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction

A

Intercropping

70
Q

An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are rotated from season to season

A

Crop rotation

71
Q

An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped

A

Agroforestry

72
Q

An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land

A

Contour plowing

73
Q

A plant that lives multiple years

A

Perennial plan

74
Q

A plant that lives only one season

A

Annual

75
Q

An agricultural; method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons as a means of reducing topsoil erosion

A

No-till agriculture

76
Q

An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs

A

Integrated pest management (IPM)

APES (10 decks)

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