Guide 2 Flashcards
anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
measurement of amount of matter an object contains
mass
a particle that contains more than one atom
molecule
a molecule containing more than one element
compound
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
isotopes
spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes
radioactive decay
the time it takes for 1/2 of an original radioactive parent to decay
half-life
bond formed when an element shares electrons
covalent bond
chemical bond between 2 ions of opposite charges
ionic bond
a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule
hydrogen bond
a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative
polar molecule
a property of water resulting from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water that creates a sort of skin on the water’s surface
surface tension
property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between molecules
capillary action
substance contributing hydrogen ions to a solution
acid
substance contributing hydroxide ions to a solution
base
number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance
pH
a reaction occurring when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules
chemical reaction
law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form
law of conservation of matter
compound not containing the element carbon or containing carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen
inorganic compound
compound containing carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds
organic compound
compound of C,H, and O atoms
carbohydrate
critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids
protein
organic compounds found in all living cells
nucleic acid
smaller organic biological molecule that doesn’t mix with water
lipid
the ability to do work or transfer heat
energy
amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for one second
joule
the rate at which work is done
power
a form of energy emitted by the sun- includes but is not limited to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light
electromagnetic radiation
massless packet of energy carrying electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light
photon
stored energy that has not been released
potential energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
chemical energy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
measure of average kinetic energy of a substance
temperature
physical law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change forms
1st law of thermodynamics
physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes
2nd law of thermodynamics
ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system
energy efficiency
the ease with which an energy source can be used for work
energy quality
randomness in a system
entropy
feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring
negative feedback loop
feedback loop in which a change in a system is amplified
positive feedback loop
