Ch. 2 Review

Question 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Answer 1

matter

Question 2

a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains

Answer 2

mass

Question 3

the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

Answer 3

atom

Question 4

a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components

Answer 4

element

Question 5

a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties

Answer 5

periodic table

Question 6

a particle that contains more than one atom

Answer 6

molecule

Question 7

A molecule whose atoms are composed of two or more elements

Answer 7

compound

Question 8

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

Answer 8

atomic number

Question 9

a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

Answer 9

mass number

Question 10

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Answer 10

isotopes

Question 11

the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes

Answer 11

radioactive decay

Question 12

The amount of time it takes of one-half the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation and decay. Different radioisotopes have different half-lives, ranging from fractions of a second to billions of years

Answer 12

half-life

Question 13

the bond formed when elements share electrons

Answer 13

covalent bond

Question 14

a chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges

Answer 14

ionic bond

Question 15

a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule

Answer 15

hydrogen bond

Question 16

a molecule in which one side is positive and the other side is more negative

Answer 16

polar molecule

Question 17

a property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water’s surface

Answer 17

surface tension

Question 18

a property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules

Answer 18

capillary action

Question 19

a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution and has a low pH

Answer 19

acid

Question 20

a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution and has a high pH

Answer 20

base

Question 21

A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Ranges from 0 to 14: 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic and higher than 7 is basic. Because the scale is logarithmic, each step on the scale represents a 10-fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration.

Answer 21

pH

Question 22

an increase in the acidity of the oceans

Answer 22

ocean acidification

Question 23

a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules

Answer 23

chemical reaction

Question 24

The physical law stating that matter may be transformed from one type of substance into others but that it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 24

law of conservation of matter

Question 25

a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

Answer 25

inorganic compounds

Question 26

A compound made up of carbon atoms (and, generally, hydrogen atoms) joined by covalent bonds and sometimes including other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus. The unusual ability of carbon to build elaborate molecules has resulted in millions of different compounds showing various degrees of complexity

Answer 26

organic compounds