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APES > Mid-term > Flashcards

Mid-term Flashcards

1
Q

The innermost zone of Earth’s interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. Includes a liquid outer layer & a solid inner layer

A

Core

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2
Q

Layer of Earth above the core, containing magma

A

Mantle

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3
Q

Molten rock

A

Magma

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4
Q

The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock

A

Asthenosphere

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5
Q

The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust

A

Lithosphere

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6
Q

In geology, the chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere

A

Crust

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7
Q

In geology, a place where molten material from Earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere

A

Hot spot

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8
Q

The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

A

Plate tectonics

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9
Q

The sum of the processes that built up and break down the lithosphere

A

Tectonic cycle

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10
Q

The process of one crustal plate passing under another

A

Subduction

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11
Q

A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava

A

Volcano

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12
Q

An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other

A

Divergent plate boundary

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13
Q

The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth’s mantle to the surface

A

Seafloor spreading

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14
Q

An area where plates move toward one another and collide

A

Convergent plate boundary

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15
Q

An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other

A

Transform fault boundary

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16
Q

A fracture of rock caused by a movement of Earth’s crust

A

Fault

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17
Q

The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time

A

Seismic activity

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18
Q

A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred

A

Fault zone

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19
Q

The sudden movement of Earth’s crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth’s surface

A

Earthquake

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20
Q

The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake

A

Epicenter

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21
Q

A scale that measures the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake

A

Richter scale

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22
Q

A series of waves in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano

A

Tsunami

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23
Q

The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion, among other processes

A

Rock cycle

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24
Q

Rock formed directly from magma

A

Igneous rock

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25
Q

Igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground

A

Intrusive igneous rock

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26
Q

Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth

A

Extrusive igneous rock

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27
Q

A crack that occurs in rock as it cools

A

Fracture

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28
Q

Rock that forms when sediments such as mud, sand, or gravel is compressed by overlying sediments

A

Sedimentary rock

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29
Q

Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure

A

Metamorphic rock

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30
Q

The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals

A

Physical weathering

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31
Q

The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both

A

Chemical weathering

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32
Q

Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

A

Acid rain/ acid precipitation

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33
Q

The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem

A

Erosion

34
Q

The underlying rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived

A

Parent material

35
Q

The loss of some or all of a soil’s ability to support plant growth

A

Soil degradation

36
Q

A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color

A

Horizon

37
Q

The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in various stages of decomposition

A

O horizon

38
Q

The most fully decomposed organic matter in the lowest section of the O horizon

A

Humus

39
Q

Frequently the top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and minerals that have been mixed together

A

A horizon

40
Q

A zone of leaching, or eluviation, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon, or less often the A horizon

A

E horizon

41
Q

A soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic material

A

B horizon

42
Q

The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material

A

C horizon

43
Q

The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations

A

Cation exchange capacity (CEC)

44
Q

The proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed in a percentage

A

Base saturation

45
Q

The average concentration of an element in Earth’s crust

A

Crustal abundance

46
Q

A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

A

Ore

47
Q

An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions

A

Metal

48
Q

In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

A

Reserve

49
Q

The removal of strips of soil and rock to remove ore

A

Strip mining

50
Q

Unwanted waste material created during mining including mineral and other residues that are left behind after the desired metal or ore is removed

A

Mine tailings

51
Q

A mining technique that creates a large visible pit or hole in the ground

A

Open-pit mining

52
Q

A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives

A

Mountaintop removal

53
Q

The process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments

A

Placer mining

54
Q

Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m below the surface of Earth

A

Subsurface mining

55
Q

A permeable layer of rock and sediment that contains groundwater

A

Aquifer

56
Q

An aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow

A

Unconfined aquifer

57
Q

An aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow

A

Confined aquifer

58
Q

The uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates rock or soil

A

Water table

59
Q

A process by which water percolates through the soil and works its way into an aquifer

A

Groundwater recharge

60
Q

A natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface

A

Spring

61
Q

A well created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer

A

Artesian well

62
Q

An area lacking groundwater due to rapid withdrawal by a well

A

Cone of depression

63
Q

An infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells

A

Saltwater intrusion

64
Q

The land adjacent to a river

A

Floodplain

65
Q

Pavement or buildings that do not allow water penetration

A

Impermeable surface

66
Q

An enlarged bank built up on each side of a river

A

Levee

67
Q

A structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land

A

Dike

68
Q

A barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water

A

Dam

69
Q

The water body created by damming a river or stream

A

Reservoir

70
Q

A stair-like structure that allows migrating fish to get around a dam

A

Fish ladder

71
Q

A canal, ditch, or pipe used to carry water from one location to another

A

Aqueduct

72
Q

The process of removing the salt from salt water

A

Desalination/desalinization

73
Q

A process of desalination in which water is boiled and the resulting stream is captured and condensed to yield pure water

A

Distillation

74
Q

A process of desalination in which water is forced through a thin semipermeable membrane at high pressure

A

Reverse osmosis

75
Q

The total daily per capita use of fresh water

A

Water footprint

76
Q

The cultivation of plants in greenhouse conditions by immersing roots in a nutrient-rich solution

A

Hydroponic agriculture

77
Q

A water allocation system that charges rates that increase with the amount of water consumed

A

Tiered water-pricing systems

78
Q

A style of landscaping that removes water-intensive vegetation from lawns and replaces it with more water-efficient native landscaping

A

Xeriscaping

79
Q

Wastewater from baths, showers, bathroom sinks, and washing machines

A

Gray water

80
Q

Wastewater fro, toilets, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers

A

Contaminated water

APES (10 decks)

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