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Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration with oxygen

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2
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

respiration without oxygen

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3
Q

Heterotroph

A

consumer

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4
Q

Autotroph

A

producer

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5
Q

Scavenger

A

consumes dead animals

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6
Q

Detritivore

A

breaks down dead tissues & waste products

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7
Q

Net primary production (NPP)

A

GPP-respiration

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8
Q

Gross primary production (GPP)

A

total amount of solar energy captured by producers via photosynthesis

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9
Q

Biomass

A

total mass of all living matter in a specific area

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10
Q

Standing crop

A

amount of biomass present in an ecosystem

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11
Q

Transpiration

A

release of water from leaves during photosynthesis

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12
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

evaporation + transpiration

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13
Q

Carbon cycle

A

photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, burial, extraction, & combustion

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14
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

converts N2 in the atmosphere into forms that producers can use (NH4+ or NO3-)

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15
Q

Nitrification

A

ammonium (NH4+) –> nitrite (NO2-) –> nitrate (NO3-)

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16
Q

Mineralization

A

Decomposers break down dead bodies & waste products into inorganic compounds

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17
Q

Ammonification

A

Decomposers break down organic nitrogen in dead bodies & waste and convert to ammonium (NH4+)

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18
Q

Denitrification

A

nitrate (NO3-) –> nitrous oxide (N2O) –> nitrogen gas (N2)

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19
Q

Hypoxic

A

low in oxygen

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20
Q

Watershed

A

all land in a given landscape drains into a certain river/stream/lake/wetland

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21
Q

Climate

A

average weather

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22
Q

Weather

A

short-term conditions

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23
Q

Order of atmosphere

A

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

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24
Q

Ozone

A

In stratosphere

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25
Q

Unequal heating

A

sun angles, variation in surface area, & albedo

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26
Q

Adiabatic cooling

A

cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises & expands

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27
Q

Adiabatic heating

A

heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks & decreases

28
Q

Latent heat release

A

release of energy when water vapor condenses

29
Q

Hadley cells

A

30 degrees N & 30 degrees S; typically deserts

30
Q

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

A

latitude that receives the most intense sunlight- causes branches of Hadley cells to converge (Typically 23.5 degrees N&S)

31
Q

Polar cells

A

rises at 60 degrees N&S and sinks at poles (90 degrees N&S)

32
Q

Ferrell cells

A

lies between Hadley & polar cells

33
Q

Coriolis effects

A

deflection of object’s path due to earth’s rotation

34
Q

Gyres

A

large-scale water circulation patterns that move clockwise in N hemisphere & counterclockwise in S Hemisphere

35
Q

Thermohaline circulation

A

mixes surface water & deep water

36
Q

El Nino

A

every 3-7 years in December, reversal of Southern Pacific ocean currents- trade winds weaken, warm water toward south America reduces upwelling & fish populations

37
Q

Tundra

A

cold & treeless- Greenland

38
Q

Boreal forest

A

evergreen trees, short growing season & cold winters- Ontario, Canada

39
Q

Temperate rainforest

A

coastal, moderate temperature & high precipitation- British Colombia, Canada

40
Q

Temperate seasonal forest

A

warm summers & cold winters- Germany

41
Q

Woodland/shrubland

A

hot, dry summers & mild, rainy winters- California

42
Q

Temperate grassland/cold desert

A

cold, harsh winters & hot, dry summers- Oklahoma

43
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

warm & wet, near equator, high precipitation- Phillipines

44
Q

Tropical seasonal forest/savanna

A

warm temperatures, distinct wet & dry seasons- Zambia

45
Q

Subtropical desert

A

hot, dry conditions & sparse vegetation- Chile

46
Q

Freshwater zones

A

littoral, limnetic, profundal, benthic

47
Q

Oligotrophic

A

lake with low productivity

48
Q

Mesotrophic

A

lake with moderate productivity

49
Q

Eutrophic

A

lake with high productivity

50
Q

Mangrove swamp

A

swamp along tropical/subtropical coasts where salt-tolerant trees grow

51
Q

Marine zones

A

intertidal zone, photic zone, aphotic zone, bethic zone

52
Q

Species richness

A

number of species

53
Q

Species evenness

A

relative proportion of individuals per species

54
Q

Microevolution

A

evolution below species level

55
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution that gives rise to new species

56
Q

Gene flow

A

individuals move from one population to another & increase genetic compositions

57
Q

Genetic drift

A

change in genetic composition of a population due to random mating

58
Q

Founder effect

A

change in genetic composition of population as a result of descending from colonizing individuals

59
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation with geographic isolation

60
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

species evolves so separately members can no longer reproduce with each other

61
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

speciation without geographic isolation

62
Q

GMO

A

copying genes from species with a desirable trait

63
Q

Fundamental niche

A

middle of tolerance bell curve where species can survive, grow, & reproduce

64
Q

Realized niche

A

range of conditions under which a species actually lives

65
Q

Current extinction

A

6th mass extinction- anthropogenic

APES (10 decks)

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