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Psych 325 > Unit 5 > Flashcards

Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is body image?

A

an individual’s perceptions and evaluations of their body -particularly on appearance (how you feel & what you think about it)

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2
Q

What is body image disturbance?

A

Demonstrably inaccurate perceptions, or discontent with one or more of the body’s observable features

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3
Q

What is the most common way to measure body dissatisfaction?

A

give a scale & circle what you look like now & then circle what your ideal body looks like -if there’s a difference w/ current & ideal then shows body dissatisfaction

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4
Q

How early does body dissatisfaction show up? What were the findings in this age range?

A

-6 (or even earlier) -did a study w/ 6-8 yr olds -found girls wanted thinner figure -(the boys wanted a bit of either thinner or larger, maybe muscular shows up later in age?)

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5
Q

What was the government study w/ adolescents?

A

-asked them how they felt about their body -(didn’t use the scale) -15-25% felt too fat or too thin -disproportionate to whether they were or not -half of the kids who said they were fat would be considered overweight by health metrics

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6
Q

Between Grade 6-10 what are the trends for boys and girls?

A

boys think they’re too thin by Grade 10 -whereas girls think their too fat (metrics of too thin are higher in grade 8 then go down by grade 10 for the girls)

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7
Q

What to girls ‘desire?’

A

Thinness

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8
Q

What do boys ‘desire’? How does it change?

A

Muscular -less consistent over development -at first want thinness then during pre-adolescence & adolescence want muscles

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9
Q

Why is studying body image important?

A

linked w/ disordered eating (so how you feel (body image) can impact your behaviours (your eating habits))
-also can disrupt relationships, increase risk of steroid use, vanity-driven spending (in women), self-esteem and mental health

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10
Q

What is disordered eating? And what is it linked w/ (or what are the impacts of it?)

A

-controlling your behaviour in maladaptive ways -linked w. lower life expectancy & health

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11
Q

What are other risk factors for disordered eating?

A

-self-esteem, genetics, mental health, family & peer dieting, race/ethnicity, family interactions

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12
Q

How are the ideals represented in print media?

A
  • magazines -thin body ideal -studies mainly focused on women as magazines are targeted towards them -avrg mag model is thinner than 98% of N. American women (trending towards average weights)
  • convey messages -15% of headlines focus on diet & body image
  • contradictory messages -titles, images, recipes, articles
  • focus on muscular man for male oriented print media (but don’t have statistics)
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13
Q

How are the ideals presented in screen media?

A
  • overrepresentation of thinness

- underrepresentation of fatness

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14
Q

What is did the study on TV shows and statistics of representation find?

A
  • # of characters underweight vs. overweight
  • 5% of pop is underweight -12-30% of characters
  • 51% of pop is overweight -13% of characters
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15
Q

What does the content say about fat characters? The messages

A

Fatness is negative -those characters are treated poorly -more likely to be insulted (often by men), laughed at, fewer romances, fewer friends, having less sex, fewer leadership roles
-ex. in movies, fictional TV, reality TV, sports, advertisements

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16
Q

Do we see body image issues in children screen media?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What do children’s cartoons and videos say?

A

thinner characters are more likely to display positive characteristics

  • 40% had a character that was concerned about their body/weight
  • more likely the woman’s physical attractiveness (& thinness) is associated w/ positive traits
  • ex. The Little Mermaid
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18
Q

What do children’s video games say?

A
  • female characters are often depicted as thin w/ very large breast -unrealistically large
  • 80% of male characters were hypermuscularized
  • (possibly more so in children’s games) -ratio to waist and chest were unrealistic
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19
Q

Are certain body types shown more in the media?

A

-pretty good evidence suggests yes -& more shown w/ positive traits

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20
Q

What method has most body image research been done?

A

-experimental

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21
Q

What is a study that tested affect of appearance media? (hint: commercial)

A
  • grade 8-12 teens -experimental -randomly assigned to view appearance-based commercial vs. non (girls saw thin ideal, boys saw muscular) -then did scales on body dissatisfaction (girls) & mood -impacted both
  • girls who viewed appearance one had more body dissatisfaction -not for boys
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22
Q

What are the findings of most body image experimental studies?

A
  • find after being exposed to idealized media (commercials, magazines, TV shows) -increase in body dissatisfaction
  • less consistent for boys (less of an effect)
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23
Q

So is there an immediate aftermath of being shown idealized bodies in the media? Critique?

A
  • it seems so, yes -can impact body image immediately following
  • BUT do the participants know what’s going on? -demand characteristics -performing how they think they’re supposed to
  • also very short-term -what’s the long term?
  • (not immediate imitation though -can have affects but not like violence where immediately imitate)
24
Q

What is a body image natural experiment?

A
  • Becker -2002 -Fiji
  • had TV but didn’t get Western TV until 1995 -Fijians traditionally prefer larger body type but w. Western TV looked @ teen girls before & after -found 3yrs following -increase in disordered eating & dieting -in interviews 77% mentioned TV’s influence
25
Q

Why might representation of thinness have long term impacts?

A

-idea that it’s associated w/ success

26
Q

What is a body image correlational study?

A

2nd-4th grade girls

  • amount of TV viewing & current body ideal -did NOT find a correlation
  • BUT followed up a yr later -found amount of TV predicted future body ideal
27
Q

Is there a correlation btw amount of media exposure & body image?

A
  • sometimes -but don’t always show associations

- could predict longer-term effects?

28
Q

Why might the correlation not exist but predict future body ideals?

A
  • media could take time to impact us -or the kids expectations -looking at adult bodies, assume when older will look like that -less about right now, but ideals for later
  • could be the content -if watching lots of a certain kind of TV might have diff effects than watching a diff kind (not TV overall but type of TV)
  • could depend on what viewer is thinking about -are they thinking about appearance? Reasons for consuming?
29
Q

What is type of TV content that is particularly linked w. poorer body image?

A
  • soap operas

- had significant effects

30
Q

What do body image meta-analysis find?

A
  • show small but significant links between media & body dissatisfaction
  • smaller effect size than violence
  • media input might affect 1-6% of body image but is most likely other factors (media play small role)
  • media input can predict 0.5-6% of the variance in body image
31
Q

What other factors might matter in body image? (specifics of each one)

A
  • individual differences
  • gender (most research done w/ girls)
  • pre-existing body dissatisfaction?
  • race/ethnicity –> more influenced by same race characters -diff impacts btw individuals of diff race & characters of diff races? (see LatinX study)
32
Q

How is body image effected depending on race? What study? What does this suggest?

A
  • when white women view white characters linked w/ negative body image
  • when black women view black characters linked w/ positive body image
  • LatinX study (__) & mainstream white TV -linked w/ decreases in body image & black-oriented Tv was linked w/ increases -(often better about diff body types - content diff)
  • suggest individual factors (their race) as well as content (& representations) can influence
33
Q

Summarize Hargreaves & Tiggeman

A
  • idealized media images & adolescent body image (boys & girls) -experimental
  • 595 (310 girls, 285 boys) -grade 8-12 teens -2 cause & effect -commercial one (see card 22) -measured body dissatisfaction after -used visual scales (less biased) -how they feel -(before & after viewing)
  • social comparison theory
  • girls = thin ideal had higher body dissatisfaction (small effect) -more comparison w/ thin one
  • boys = no diff/limited if they idealized/appearance one or not -didn’t compare as much (??)
  • did depend on individual differences (how appearance concerned - those who were did more comparison)
  • increased negative mood and appearance comparison for both boys and girls
  • gender & appearance investment are important
  • unique: -immediate -+boys
  • limitations: -content of stimuli -can’t match tapes -measurement of boys body image
34
Q

What about an experimental study with just boys?

A
  • adolescent boys Grades 9-10 -commercials -one male-ideal & one figure free -asked questions after (how do you like your body, how much do you want to change it)
  • no strong negative effect
  • watching the idealized actually made them feel better about their body
35
Q

Why might there be gender differences in consuming body image media?

A

(-male gaze?

  • how we’re socialized to feel about our bodies)
  • how we feel about disclosing our body dissatisfaction?
  • accuracy of measurements
  • men impacted later? college aged -so physiological differences
  • what self-esteem is based on? (vs. appearance)
  • diff baseline self-esteem?
  • diff media representations
  • methodological challenges in assessing body image in boys? Since self-report
36
Q

What does media lack when study body image & gender?

A

-representation of non-binary and transgender individuals -not a lot of representation in media either (how might that lack have effects? -ex. celebrities)

37
Q

What is the overall conclusion for whether media is linked w/ body image?

A

-it is linked -at least for some individuals

38
Q

What is Social Comparison Theory?

A
  • we compare ourselves to others (understand ourselves by evaluating others)
  • we will also evaluate ourselves relative to those seen in the media
  • (but social comparison to peers is much stronger than social comparison to media)
39
Q

What is Internalization of Thin Ideals?

A
  • society’s message is thin = better & muscular = better
  • this message is transmitted through media
  • we then internalize is & it becomes part of our thought processes & beliefs
  • failure to live up to the standard can lead to greater body dissatisfaction
40
Q

What is Contingent Self-Worth Theory?

A
  • society’s message is your value is determined by appearance -your worthiness is contingent on your appearance
  • transmitted via media
  • failure to meet thin/muscular ideals can lead to negative self-worth, which turns to body dissatisfaction
41
Q

Can comparison, internalization, and idea of self-worth happen at the same time?

A

yes -can work together

42
Q

Why might social media & body image be different?

A
  • real peers -or real ppl similar to your peers (mass media too) -you’re presented -can idealize yourself, and everyone puts idealized version of themselves out there
  • users are creators as well as recipients
  • quantifiable
  • bit more permanent
  • more public
  • curated space
43
Q

Facebook internal research? Problems?

A
  • leaked -15 teens -interviewed 15 of them -for girls who reported body image issues, 30% said Instagram made it worse -1/3 of them (?)
  • problems: correlational (not causation) -maybe those w/ body image issues are drawn to insta for diff reasons
  • algorithms
  • sample size is really small -can’t generalize
  • self-reported data
  • probs not randomly selected
  • internal, not reviewed -validity
44
Q

So does the research (correlational) say about poorer body image & social media use?

A
  • yes suggests they are linked -correlational -small relationship
  • correlation btw # of social platforms you use & body image
  • correlation btw # of time you spend on social media & body image
45
Q

Study on tween girls and FB?

A

-compared users & non-users -found non-users had more positive feelings about their bodies

46
Q

Summarize Fardouly

A
  • social (or appearance) comparison through social media, traditional media, & in person-Ecological Momentary Assessments -reduce bias & in real life
  • 146 women -undergraduates -does the amount of comparison & type impact how we feel about our bodies
  • 5 days in a row, 5 times a day
  • if compared, context, direction, then appearance satisfaction
  • factors, mood, diet, exercise
  • found most comparisons are in person (77% or 71%??) -traditional media less than social media -most common across all contexts was upward (though non-significant in media) –upward comparison linked w/ less appearance satisfaction -out of media, social media most dissatisfaction (led to less in person appearance satisfaction) -Social Comparison Theory -social media upward had more negative outcomes/mood than in person
  • limitations: -demand characteristics -variety of social media platforms -comparison differences -only studied immediate impact (need longitudinal)
47
Q

Social media - factors?

A
  • different platforms (not all the same, or appearance-based)
  • what you do (activities) matter -ex. selfie, viewing/posting pics, seeking negative feedback
  • equivalence across gender (impacted both boys & girls) -way they’re presented?
  • but can be positive (body positive content, parodies, reality posts - linked w/ more satisfaction)
48
Q

What method of research is mostly done w/ social media?

A
  • mainly correlational -co could have 3rd variables
  • mostly focused on young adults
  • (does show a link but depends on type of use)
  • social media is constantly changing
49
Q

Do we need an intervention for media for boys & body image?

A

-not yet -but suggests yes for girls

50
Q

Why do people make upward comparisons?

A

want to improve ourselves -unidirectional drive upward

51
Q

When were thoughts of dieting and exercise most prevalent?

A

-after upward comparison on social media (vs. upward in person)

52
Q

What are the 3 main theories for body image?

A

1) Social Comparison Theory
2) Thin Ideal (Muscular) Internalization Theory
3) Contingent Self-Worth Theory

53
Q

What are 2 ways social media is distinct from traditional media?

A

1) users are creators as well as recipients

2) content comes from peers as well as mass media sources

54
Q

What are 3 ways social media is distinct from face-to-face interactions?

A

1) can control how you present yourself
2) permanence and publicness
3) quantifiability: numerical social metrics

55
Q

In which contexts are making an upward comparison associated w/ less appearance satisfaction? Which context effects the most?

A
  • in all context

- social media has most negative effects

56
Q

Which social media platforms have more of an impact?

A

image-based platforms

Psych 325 (10 decks)

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