Unit 5: 1-55 Flashcards
the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade.
agriculture
the long-term weather pattern in a region
climate
the purpose of this is to grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate needs of the farmer and his or her family.
subsistence agriculture
the goal of this is to grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit
commercial agriculture
this is when farmers or ranchers use large amount of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines, to maximize yields.
intensive agriculture
these use fewer amounts of the inputs and typically result in less yields.
extensive agriculture
heavy investments in labor and capital are used in this type of agriculture which often results in high yields.
intensive commercial agriculture
the money invested in land, equipment, and machines.
capital
this form of agriculture is often labor and animal intensive
intensive subsistent agriculture
this type of farming uses low inputs of resources but has the goal of selling the products for profit.
extensive commercial agriculture
few inputs are used in this type of agricultural activity and often practiced in areas that have climatic extremes
extensive subsistent agriculture
this type of subsistent extensive agriculture is practiced in arid and semi-arid climates throughout the world.
pastoral nomadism
in this type of subsistent farming, farmers grow crops on a piece of land for a year or two
shifting cultivation
large commercial farm that specializes in one crop
plantation
an intensive commercial integrated system that demonstrates an interdependence between crops and animals.
mixed crop and livestock farming
in regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, farmers often raise wheat
grain farming
this is practiced in regions with hot, dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some irrigation
Mediterranean agriculture
commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
livestock ranching
these settlements had groups of homes located near each other in a village and fostered a strong sense of place…
clustered or nucleated settlements
buildings and human activities are organized close to a body of water or along a transportation route.
linear settlement
fields that reflect off of irregular shapes because of the location of physical features in traditional patterns of the land. used for short distances and often referred to features of specific points
metes and bounds
origin of farming
first agricultural revolution
hunters in central asia were probably the first people to domesticate animals
animal domestication
growing crops
plant domestication
major heart of agriculture
fertile crescent
crops and animals being domesticated in multiple regions with seemingly no interaction among people
Independent innovation
global movement of plants and animals between afro-eurasia and the americas
columbian exchange
began in 1700s and used the advances of industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth
Second Agricultural Revolution
series of laws enacted by the british government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use
enclosure acts
technique of planting different crops in a specific sequence on the same plot of land in order to restore nutrients back into the soil.
Crop rotation
process of applying controlled amounts of water to crops using canals, pipes,
irrigation
typical fruits and vegetables grown in the United States include nose, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes.
commercial gardening
when fruits and vegetables are grown near the urban market and sold to local suppliers, stores, restaurants
market gardening
created rectangular plots of consistent land
Public land survey system/ township and range system
areas 6x6 in length and width
townships
consisted of 640 areas , And it could be divided into smaller lots, such as half sections or quarter sections
section
in which farms were long, thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river
French long-lot system
was born out of science,research, and technology and it continues today.It expanded mechanization of farming, developed new global agricultural systems and furthered previous advances in agricultural production
Third agricultural revolution
the advances in plant biology of the mid 20th century
Green revolution
The process of breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics to produce a single seed with both characteristics
Hybridization
The process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed
Genetically modified organism (GMO)
there is usually a distance decay relationship between proximity to the Herban market in the value of land, meaning the closest land is to the urban center, the more valuable it is
Bid-rent theory
using extensive machinery and other inputs
Capital intensive
when farms rely on low paid migrant workers to tend and harvest crops
Labor intensive
A capital intensive livestock operation in which many animals are kept in close quarters, and often bread and fed and controlled environments
Factory farming
A type of intensive farming where water animals are raised in netted areas in the sea or tanks or other bodies of water
Aquaculture (aquafarming)
is planting and harvesting a crop two times per year on the same piece of land
Double cropping
is it a farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field
Intercropping (multicropping)
in which only one crop is grown or one type of animal is raised per season on the piece of land
monoculture
also known as continuous monoculture, it is growing one type of crop or raising one type of animal year after year
monocropping
concentrated animal feeding operations, they are used instead of large expanses of land
feedlots
