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AP Psychology > Unit 4b: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 4b: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

a person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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2
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

Psychological perspective that analyzes how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

emphasizes the influences of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiecnes.

Personality is formed through coping with life’s trauma.

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3
Q

Conscious Mind

A

Our Thoughts

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4
Q

Preconcsious Mind

A

memories and information that can be brought to the conscious

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5
Q

Unconscious Mind

A

thoughts, memories, and desires that are not and never conscious

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6
Q

ID

A

seeks pleasure and self gratification
inner devil
born with this

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7
Q

Superego

A

Seeks what is morally correct
inner angel
developed over time

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8
Q

Ego

A

seeks balance between id and superego
(kind of sense of self)

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9
Q

Ego Defense Mechanisms

A

Strategies used by ego to manage anxiety and protect itself from distressing thoughts and feelings

these mechanisms operate unconciously

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10
Q

Denial

A

ego refuses to accept real events bc they are unpleasant

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11
Q

Displacement

A

redirecting emotions or impulses to a less threatening object.

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12
Q

Projection

A

attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts/feelings to other people.

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13
Q

Rationalization

A

justifying behaviors by subsitiuting a more acceptable reason for them.

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14
Q

Reaction Formation

A

behaving in a way opposite of one’s true feelings or desires.

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15
Q

Regression

A

reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to a stress or anxiety.

ex. reliving childhood memories or comfort mechanisms

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16
Q

Repression

A

pushing distressing thoughts, memories, or feelings out of the conscious awareness.

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17
Q

Sublimation

A

channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors

ex. working out or doing wrestling get rid of anger.

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18
Q

Projective Tests

A

use ambigious stimuli to elicit responses that reveal aspects of an individual’s personality and unconscious

- Rorschach Inkbot Test
- Thematic Apperception Test

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19
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

psychological perspective that emphasises the study of a whole person and uniqueness of each individual.

focuses on free will, self-actualization, and inherent goals

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20
Q

Self-Actualizing Theory

A

the innate drive in every person to** realize their full potential** and achieve the highest level of human functioning.

involves the pursuit of happiness and self-improvement

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21
Q

Unconditioned Positive Regard

A

an individual is treated with unconditioned respect and acceptance, regardless of their behavior.

essential for self-worth and personal growth.

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22
Q

Social-Cognitive Theory

A

psychological theory that emphasizes the role of cognitive processes (such as thinking, memory, and interpretation) in understanding behavior.

highlights the interaction between individual behaviors, personal factors, and the environment

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23
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

Three factors:
Behavior
Personal
Environment

Each influence the other in a continuous loop

Personality is a result of this interaction

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24
Q

Self Concept

A

Self-Concept: a person’s perception of themselves.

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25
Self Efficacy
Self-Efficacy: a person’s belief in their ability to successfully perform tasks or achieve goals.
26
Self Esteem
Self-Esteem: a person’s evaluation of their worth or value.
27
Trait Theories
focus on identifying and measuring individual traits (i.e. patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors). personality can be described through these **stable characteristics.**
28
Personality Inventories
Standardized questionnaires or surveys designed to assess an individual's personality traits.
29
Big Five
widely accepted model of personality that includes five major traits Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
30
Factor Analysis
statistical method used to identify clusters or patterns of related variables.
31
Drive-Reduction Theory
suggests that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives
32
Drives
Drives: physiological states of tension or arousal caused by biological needs
33
Arousal Theory
proposes that people are **motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousa**l, or mental and physical alertness. Too little arousal = boredom Too much arousal = stress
34
Yerkes-Dodson Law
performance improves with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a certain point. For difficult tasks moderate levels of arousal lead to the best performance For simple tasks higher levels of arousal can be beneficial
35
Self-Determination Theory
emphasizes the role of intrinsic motivation in driving human behavior. people are most motivated when they feel: competent autonomous connected to others.
36
Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation: the motivation to engage in an activity to achieve some external reward or avoid punishment.
37
Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic Motivation: the motivation to engage in an activity for the inherent satisfaction or enjoyment it provides, rather than for external rewards.
38
Incentive Theory
suggests that behavior is driven by external rewards.
39
Instinct Theory
behaviors might be driven by automatic survival behaviors that led to past survival
40
Lewin's Motivational Conflicts Theory
explains how individuals experience conflicting motivations when they are faced with multiple choices. our behavior is a result of a constant interplay between "approach" and "avoidance" factors
41
Approach-Approach Conflicts
a person must choose between two desirable options typically less stressful, but can create anxiety about making the "best" choice.
42
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
a person is faced with a single option that has both positive and negative aspects. often causes ambivalence or indecision.
43
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
an individual must choose between two undeseriable options most stressfull bc both are negative
44
Sensation-Seeking Theory
suggests that some individuals are motivated by the need to seek out stimulating, novel, and exciting experiences.
45
Ghrelin
promote hunger
46
Leptin
inhibit hunger
47
Hypothalamus
regulates hunger to control the feeling of hunger
48
Pituitary gland
works with hypothalamus
49
Thrill Seeking
provides adrenaline
50
Disinhibitation
tendency to engage in socially restricted or risky behaviors
51
Boredom Susceptibility
tendency to become easily bored or by repetitive or monotonous activities
52
emotion
a complex psychological stae that involves: - thoughts -feelings - expressive behaviors in response to internal or external stimuli
53
Physiological experiences
bodily changes that occur when an emotion is felt, such as: - increased heart rate - sweating - changes in respiration - muscle tension
54
Cognitive Experiences
the mental processes involved in interpreting and making sense of emotions. this includes how we perceive, evaluate, and label emotions
55
Cognitive Label (Appraisal)
refers to the process by which individuals label or interpret their physiological arousal.
56
Two Factor Theory of Emotion
physiological experiences + cognitive experiences
57
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.
58
Broaden/Build Theory
suggests positive emotions expand an individual's awareness and cognitive abilities. - leads to better creativity, resilience, and social support - enhances your survival and well-being
59
Display Rules
social/cultural norms that govern the appropriate expression of emotions
60
Elicitors
external or internal stimuli that provoke an emotional response. can be events, objects, situations, or thoughts

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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