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AP Psychology > Unit 2b: Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 2b: Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

the basis of knowing things

our ability to encode, store, and retrieve information

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2
Q

Multi-Store Model
(Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968)

A

3 stages
- sensory memory
- short term memory
- long term memory

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3
Q

Sensory Memory

A

held by raw, unprocessed form

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4
Q

Iconic Memory

A
  • a type of sensory memory

-holds visual information; <1

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5
Q

Echoic Memory

A
  • a type of sensory memory
  • holds auditory information; 2-4 seconds
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6
Q

Short-term Memory

A

the temporary storage of info

  • capacity of 7 objects(give or take 2)
  • duration of 15-30 seconds
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7
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

memory stored for extended periods

  • minute to a lifetime
  • virtually unlimited capacity
  • include explicit/implicit memory
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8
Q

Long-term potentional

A

repeated stimulation leads to stronger connections between neurons.

  • consolidation of long-term memories
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9
Q

Working Memory Model
(Baddley & Fitch 1974)

A

Replace short-term M with long-term M

Includes:
- central executive
- phonological loop
- visuospatial sketchpad
- Episodic Buffer

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10
Q

Central Executive

A

controls and coordinates the activites of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

encode and retrieve

manage attention
integrate information
regulate cognition

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11
Q

Phonological Loop

A

deals with auditory and verbal information

allows mental visualization and manipulation

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12
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

deals with visual and spatial information

allows mental visualization and manipulation

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13
Q

Explicit Memory

A

conscious
information
effortful

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14
Q

Implicit Memory

A

automatic
skills
feelings
effortless

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15
Q

Episodic Memory

A

recall of specific events/experiences

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16
Q

Semantic memory

A

recall of general knowledge, facts, and concepts.

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17
Q

Procedural Memory

A

recall of performing tasks/skills

  • ride a bike
  • type on keyboard without looking
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18
Q

Emotional Conditioning

A

learning to associate events with feelings

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19
Q

Prospective Memory

A

involves remembering to perform activities or fulfill intentions in the future.

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20
Q

encoding

A

converting sensory input into a farm that can be stored and later retrieved from memory.

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21
Q

Automatic Processing

A

unconscious and effortless encoding of information that occurs without deliberate attention or intentional effort.

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22
Q

Effortful
Processing

A

deliberate and concious encoding of information that requires focused attention and cognitive effort.

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23
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

suggest that the depth at which info is processed affects how well it is remembered.

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24
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

newly acquired information is stabilized and integrated into long-term memory.

transformation of fragile, short-term memories into more stable and enduring long-term memories.

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25
Q

Shallow Encoding

A

A type of encoding that focuses on the surface features of information, such as its physical characteristics or appearance.

Shallow encoding is less effective for long-term retention and often involves structural or phonemic processing.

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26
Q

Deep Encoding

A

A type of encoding that involves a more meaningful and semantic analysis of information.

Deep encoding is associated with better memory retention because it involves understanding and relating the information to existing knowledge.

27
Q

Spacing Effect

A

information is better retained when study or practice sessions are spaced out over time

allows time for consolidation between learning sessions

28
Q

Primacy Effect

A

tendency to better remember items presented at the beginning of a list.

early items have more time to be encoded into long-term memory

29
Q

Recency Effect

A

tendency to better remember items presented at the end of a list.

recent items are still in short-term memory and are more readily accessible

30
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to better remember items presented at the beginning (primacy effect) and the end (recency effect) of a list, while items in the middle are less well remembered.

The serial position effect highlights how the position of information within a sequence can influence recall.

31
Q

Massed Practice

A

learning sessions are concentrated into a single, extended period

32
Q

Distributed Practice

A

learning sessions are spread out over time, with breaks between.

33
Q

Mnemonic Devices

A

Memory aids or techniques that use associations, patterns, or imagery to enhance the encoding and retrieval of information.

34
Q

Method of Loci

A

involves associating items to be remembered with specific locations or landmarks in a familiar mental image of a place.

By mentally “walking through” these locations, individuals can recall the associated items.

35
Q

Chunking

A

memory technique that involves grouping or organizing individual pieces of information into larger, more manageable units or “chunks.”

36
Q

Hierarchies

A

system of organizing information into levels of complexity; broader categories are subdivided into more detailed subcategories.

37
Q

structural encoding

A

A shallow level of encoding that involves focusing on the physical or structural aspects of information, such as the appearance of words or objects.

For example, noting whether a word is written in uppercase or lowercase.

38
Q

Phoenemic Encoding

A

A shallow level of encoding that involves processing the sound or auditory characteristics of information.

For example, focusing on the pronunciation or rhyme of words.

39
Q

Memory Retention

A

ability to preserve and maintain info over time.

40
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A
  • short term M
  • repetition without context
  • often leads to forgetting
41
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A
  • long term M
  • contextualize information for storage/retrieval
  • often leads to durable M
42
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

explicit memory that involves the recollection of events from one’s own life.

  • contains both episodic and semantic elements
  • creates a coherent personal story
43
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

loss of existing memory

44
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

45
Q

Infantile Amenisa

A

we forget/have limited memories from before 3-4 years of age

46
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

fatal

damage to hippocampus

progressive neruological disorder that leads to a decline in memory, cognitive function, and daily functioning

causes:
- amyloid plaques
- Tau tangles

47
Q

Retrieval

A

accessing and bringing stored info from memory into conscious awareness

48
Q

Recognition

A

memory retreival where individuals identify previously encountered info when presented with it again.

ex. MCQs

49
Q

Recall

A

memory retrieval where individuals retrieve information without the aid of specific cues.

ex. FRQs

50
Q

Retreival Cues

A

stimuli or hints that help trigger the recall of stored information from memory

51
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

info is easily recalled when the context or environment during retrieval matches the context or environment during encoding.

52
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

info is more easily recalled when an individual internal state during retreival matches the state during encoding

  • emotional state - angry
  • physical state - drunk
53
Q

What is forgetting?

A

an inability to retrieve information.

could be due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval

54
Q

Forgetting Curve

A

graph that depicts the decline of memory retention over time.

most forgetting occurs soon after the initial learning.

revisiting the material multiple times leads to less forgetting

55
Q

Encoding Failure

A

inability to store information in long-term memory due to insufficient or ineffective encoding processes.

56
Q

Proactive Inteference

A

older memories hinder the ability to remember new information

57
Q

Retreoactive Interference

A

new information disrupts the recall of previous information

58
Q

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

A

temporary inability to retrieve information that one knows is stored in memory

accompanied by a sense of knowing that the information is just out of reach.

59
Q

Repression (Psychodynamic)

A

defense mechanism proposed by Sigmund Freud

distressing memories are unconsciously blocked from conscious awareness.

supposedly protects individuals from painful or traumatic experiences

60
Q

Constructive Memory

A

memory is a constructive process

we create (or reconstruct) memories based on existing knowledge, beliefs, and expectations.

there are often distortions and inaccuracies in our memory

61
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

alteration of a person’s memory of an event due to exposure to misleading or incorrect information after the event.

62
Q

Loftus & Palmer (1974)

A

Aim:
to see the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony.

63
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

imagining or picturing an event in detail increases the likelihood of mistakenly believing that the event actually occurred.

64
Q

Source Amnesia

A

remembering facts or details without remembering where or how they were learned.

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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