Unit 3b: DEV

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in an organization behavior due to experience

• association
• consequences
• Observation

Question 2

Association

Answer 2

the process of linking two stimuli together so that one stimulus becomes a signal for the occurance of another stimulus.

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

naturally causes a response

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

a natural response to an uncontioned stimulus

Question 5

neutral stimulus

Answer 5

causes no relevant response

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

Originally irrelevant stimulus now triggers a response.

Question 8

Acquistion

Answer 8

initial stage of learning

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

diminishing of the conditioned response due to an US no longer following an CS

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

reappearance of an extinguished CR after a period of rest and no further conditioning.

Question 11

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 11

tendency to experience a conditioned response to another stimuli.

Question 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 12

learned ability to differ a conditioned stimulus and another similar stimulus

Question 13

High Order Conditioning

Answer 13

a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established stimulus.

Question 14

Counter Condtioning

Answer 14

replacing an unwanted CR wiht a more desirable one by associating the feared stimulus with a positive event.

Question 15

Taste aversion

Answer 15

learned avoidance of a particular food because it has been asociated with a disease or discomfort.

Question 16

Biological Preparedness

Answer 16

certain associations are more easily learned because of their survival value.

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.

Question 19

Law of Effect

Answer 19

early principle of operant conditioning

behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

Reinforcement: strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 21

Punishment

Answer 21

Punishment: weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 22

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

Positive Reinforcement: addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 23

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 23

Negative Reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 24

Positive Punishment

Answer 24

Positive Punishment: addition of a unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 25

Negative Punishment

Answer 25

Negative Punishment: removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Question 26

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 26

Primary Reinforcer: stimuli that is naturally rewarding. Does not need to be learned

Question 27

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 27

: stimuli that gain their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.

Question 28

Reinforcement Generalization

Answer 28

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus that was reinforced.

Question 29

Reinforcement Discrimination

Answer 29

ability to differentiate between situations where a particular behavior will be reinforced and where it will not.

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved.

Question 31

Instinctive Drift

Answer 31

tendency for an animal's innate behaviors to interfere with learned behaviors.

Question 32

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 32

behavior that is repeated because it is mistakenly associated with reinforcement.

Question 33

Learned Helplessness

Answer 33

a person or animal becomes passive and stops trying to escape or avoid an aversive situation because past attempts have been unsuccessful.

Question 34

Reinforcement Schedules

Answer 34

rules that determine how and when a response will be followed by a reinforcement.

Question 35

Continuous Reinforcement:

Answer 35

Continuous Reinforcement: every instance of the desired behavior is reinforced.

Question 36

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 36

Partial Reinforcement: only some instances of the desired behavior are reinforced.

Question 37

Fixed Interval

Answer 37

reinforcement is given for the first response after a set amount of time has passed.

Question 38

Variable Interval

Answer 38

reinforcement is given for the first response after a varying amount of time has passed.

Question 39

Fixed Ratio

Answer 39

reinforcement is given after a set number of responses.

Question 40

Variable Ratio

Answer 40

reinforcement is given after a varying number of responses.

Question 41

Reinforcement Graphs

Answer 41

Variable ratio schedules are considered the most effective. high/steady response rates resists extinction.

Question 42

Scalloped Graph

Answer 42

pattern of response seen in fixed interval schedules. Response drops immediately after reinforcement

Question 43

Social Learning Theory

Answer 43

we learn from one another throughout our lives via the following:

Question 44

Observation

Answer 44

Observation: we see other people’s behavior

Question 45

Imitation

Answer 45

Imitation: we mimic observed behavior

Question 46

Modeling

Answer 46

Modeling: more likely to imitate behavior of people similar to ourselves

Question 47

Mirror Neurons

Answer 47

special neurons in the brain that activate when humans (and animals) observe others engaging in a behavior

Question 48

Modeling

Answer 48

process of learning behaviors by observing and imitating others.

Question 49

Vicarious Conditioning

Answer 49

an individual acquires a behavior by observing the consequences of another person’s behavior. type of modeling

Question 50

Insight Learning

Answer 50

the sudden realization of a problem’s solution. sometimes referred to as a “light bulb moment.”

Question 51

Latent Learning

Answer 51

learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement Learning is not apparent until an incentive is added

Question 52

Cognitive Maps

Answer 52

mental representations of physical locations the result of latent learning allows us to navigate through our environment