Unit 3b: DEV Flashcards
Learning
a relatively permanent change in an organization behavior due to experience
- association
- consequences
- Observation
Association
the process of linking two stimuli together so that one stimulus becomes a signal for the occurance of another stimulus.
Unconditioned stimulus
naturally causes a response
Unconditioned response
a natural response to an uncontioned stimulus
neutral stimulus
causes no relevant response
Conditioned Response
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Originally irrelevant stimulus now triggers a response.
Acquistion
initial stage of learning
Extinction
diminishing of the conditioned response due to an US no longer following an CS
Spontaneous Recovery
reappearance of an extinguished CR after a period of rest and no further conditioning.
Stimulus Generalization
tendency to experience a conditioned response to another stimuli.
Stimulus Discrimination
learned ability to differ a conditioned stimulus and another similar stimulus
High Order Conditioning
a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established stimulus.
Counter Condtioning
replacing an unwanted CR wiht a more desirable one by associating the feared stimulus with a positive event.
Taste aversion
learned avoidance of a particular food because it has been asociated with a disease or discomfort.
Biological Preparedness
certain associations are more easily learned because of their survival value.
habituation
decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Operant Conditioning
type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.
Law of Effect
early principle of operant conditioning
behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated
Reinforcement
Reinforcement: strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
Punishment
Punishment: weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement: addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive Punishment
Positive Punishment: addition of a unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment: removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Primary Reinforcer
Primary Reinforcer: stimuli that is naturally rewarding. Does not need to be learned
Secondary reinforcers
: stimuli that gain their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.
Reinforcement Generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus that was reinforced.
Reinforcement Discrimination
ability to differentiate between situations where a particular behavior will be reinforced and where it will not.
Shaping
successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved.
Instinctive Drift
tendency for an animal’s innate behaviors to interfere with learned behaviors.
Superstitious Behavior
behavior that is repeated because it is mistakenly associated with reinforcement.
Learned Helplessness
a person or animal becomes passive and stops trying to escape or avoid an aversive situation because past attempts have been unsuccessful.
Reinforcement Schedules
rules that determine how and when a response will be followed by a reinforcement.
Continuous Reinforcement:
Continuous Reinforcement: every instance of the desired behavior is reinforced.
Partial Reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement: only some instances of the desired behavior are reinforced.
Fixed Interval
reinforcement is given for the first response after a set amount of time has passed.
Variable Interval
reinforcement is given for the first response after a varying amount of time has passed.
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement is given after a set number of responses.
Variable Ratio
reinforcement is given after a varying number of responses.
Reinforcement Graphs
Variable ratio schedules are considered the most effective.
high/steady response rates
resists extinction.
Scalloped Graph
pattern of response seen in fixed interval schedules.
Response drops immediately after reinforcement
Social Learning Theory
we learn from one another throughout our lives via the following:
Observation
Observation: we see other people’s behavior
Imitation
Imitation: we mimic observed behavior
Modeling
Modeling: more likely to imitate behavior of people similar to ourselves
Mirror Neurons
special neurons in the brain that activate when humans (and animals) observe others engaging in a behavior
Modeling
process of learning behaviors by observing and imitating others.
Vicarious Conditioning
an individual acquires a behavior by observing the consequences of another person’s behavior.
type of modeling
Insight Learning
the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.
sometimes referred to as a “light bulb moment.”
Latent Learning
learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement
Learning is not apparent until an incentive is added
Cognitive Maps
mental representations of physical locations
the result of latent learning
allows us to navigate through our environment
