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AP Psychology > Unit 3b: DEV > Flashcards

Unit 3b: DEV Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in an organization behavior due to experience

  • association
  • consequences
  • Observation
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2
Q

Association

A

the process of linking two stimuli together so that one stimulus becomes a signal for the occurance of another stimulus.

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3
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

naturally causes a response

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4
Q

Unconditioned response

A

a natural response to an uncontioned stimulus

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5
Q

neutral stimulus

A

causes no relevant response

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6
Q

Conditioned Response

A

the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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7
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Originally irrelevant stimulus now triggers a response.

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8
Q

Acquistion

A

initial stage of learning

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9
Q

Extinction

A

diminishing of the conditioned response due to an US no longer following an CS

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10
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished CR after a period of rest and no further conditioning.

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11
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

tendency to experience a conditioned response to another stimuli.

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12
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

learned ability to differ a conditioned stimulus and another similar stimulus

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13
Q

High Order Conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established stimulus.

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14
Q

Counter Condtioning

A

replacing an unwanted CR wiht a more desirable one by associating the feared stimulus with a positive event.

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15
Q

Taste aversion

A

learned avoidance of a particular food because it has been asociated with a disease or discomfort.

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16
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

certain associations are more easily learned because of their survival value.

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17
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

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18
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences.

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19
Q

Law of Effect

A

early principle of operant conditioning

behaviors followed by favorable consequences are more likely to be repeated

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20
Q

Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement: strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.

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21
Q

Punishment

A

Punishment: weakens or decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

22
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Positive Reinforcement: addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

23
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Negative Reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

24
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Positive Punishment: addition of a unpleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

25
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Negative Punishment: removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

26
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

Primary Reinforcer: stimuli that is naturally rewarding. Does not need to be learned

27
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

: stimuli that gain their reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcers.

28
Q

Reinforcement Generalization

A

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus that was reinforced.

29
Q

Reinforcement Discrimination

A

ability to differentiate between situations where a particular behavior will be reinforced and where it will not.

30
Q

Shaping

A

successive approximations of a desired behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved.

31
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

tendency for an animal’s innate behaviors to interfere with learned behaviors.

32
Q

Superstitious Behavior

A

behavior that is repeated because it is mistakenly associated with reinforcement.

33
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

a person or animal becomes passive and stops trying to escape or avoid an aversive situation because past attempts have been unsuccessful.

34
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

rules that determine how and when a response will be followed by a reinforcement.

35
Q

Continuous Reinforcement:

A

Continuous Reinforcement: every instance of the desired behavior is reinforced.

36
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Partial Reinforcement: only some instances of the desired behavior are reinforced.

37
Q

Fixed Interval

A

reinforcement is given for the first response after a set amount of time has passed.

38
Q

Variable Interval

A

reinforcement is given for the first response after a varying amount of time has passed.

39
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement is given after a set number of responses.

40
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforcement is given after a varying number of responses.

41
Q

Reinforcement Graphs

A

Variable ratio schedules are considered the most effective.

high/steady response rates
resists extinction.

42
Q

Scalloped Graph

A

pattern of response seen in fixed interval schedules.

Response drops immediately after reinforcement

43
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

we learn from one another throughout our lives via the following:

44
Q

Observation

A

Observation: we see other people’s behavior

45
Q

Imitation

A

Imitation: we mimic observed behavior

46
Q

Modeling

A

Modeling: more likely to imitate behavior of people similar to ourselves

47
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

special neurons in the brain that activate when humans (and animals) observe others engaging in a behavior

48
Q

Modeling

A

process of learning behaviors by observing and imitating others.

49
Q

Vicarious Conditioning

A

an individual acquires a behavior by observing the consequences of another person’s behavior.

type of modeling

50
Q

Insight Learning

A

the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

sometimes referred to as a “light bulb moment.”

51
Q

Latent Learning

A

learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement

Learning is not apparent until an incentive is added

52
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

mental representations of physical locations

the result of latent learning

allows us to navigate through our environment

AP Psychology (7 decks)

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