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AP Psychology > Unit 1b: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 1b: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Brainstem

A

lower part of the brain that connects to the spine

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2
Q

Medulla

A
  • part of brainstem
  • controls automatic funtions
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3
Q

Reticular Activating System

A
  • part of brainstem
  • regulates wakefulness and arousal
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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

-voluntary movements
- balance
-posture

-procedural learning

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5
Q

Limbic System

A
  • emotions, motivation, memory, and behavior
  • Includes the following: Thalmus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalmus
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6
Q

Thalmus

A
  • the router of the brain
  • directs sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex for processing.
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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • below Thalmus
  • regulates hunger, thirst, temperature, and circadian rhythms.
  • also controls the pituitary gland which then regulates other gland’s control of various bodily functions.
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8
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • function and retrival of long-term memories
  • spatial memory
  • declarative memory
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9
Q

Amygdala

A
  • involved in processing emotions
    -fear
    -aggression
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10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • outer wavy layer of the brain (gray matter).
  • perception
    -thought
    -language
    -decision making
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11
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

-judgement
-decisions
- personality

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12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • hearing
    -smell
    -taste
    -memory
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13
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

-body sense

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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • vision
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15
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A
  • located in the parietal lobe
  • processes sensory input from the body
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16
Q

Motor Cortex

A
  • located in the frontal lobe
  • controls voluntary movements
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17
Q

Association Areas

A
  • integrates info from various sensory and motor areas.
  • perception, langauge, thought
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18
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • decision making
  • planning
  • social behavior
  • personality expressed
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19
Q

Executive Functioning

A
  • commander of prefrontal cortex
  • planning
    -working memory
  • attention
  • problem solving
  • impulse control
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20
Q

Reward Center

A

Processes:
-rewards
-pleasures
-reinforcement

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21
Q

Hemispheric Specialization

A
  • each hemisphere of the brain is specialized for certain functions
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22
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • language
  • analytical thinking
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23
Q

Right Hemisphere

A
  • spatial abilities
  • creativity
  • recognizing patterns
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24
Q

Linguistic Processing

A

Cognitive Functions involved in understanding, processing, and interpreting language

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25
Q

Broca’s Area

A

language production
- speech
- writing

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26
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

language comprehension
- hearing
- reading

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27
Q

Aphasia

A

language disorder caused by brain damage

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28
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

speech production problems

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29
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

language comprehension problems

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30
Q

Contralateral Hemispheric Organization

A

each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body .

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31
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

connect the right and left hemispheres

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32
Q

Split-Brain Research

A

effects of severed corpus callosum

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33
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to change/adapt to either experience or injury.

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34
Q

3 ways to study the brain

A
  • clinical observation
    -manipulation
    -imaging
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35
Q

Clinical Observations

A

“auto pay”

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36
Q

Lesion (manipulation)

A

surgically damaging part of the brain

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37
Q

Stimulation (manipulation)

A

electrical, chemical, or magnetic stimulation

38
Q

EEG

A
  • electroencephalogram
  • brain waves
39
Q

MRI

A

-magnetic resonance imaging
- detailed picture of the brain

40
Q

fMRI

A
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • measures blood flow
41
Q

Sensation

A
  • information getting to the brain
42
Q

Transduction

A
  • the point where sensory information is turned into neural impulses for the brain to interpret
43
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

-minimum level of stimulus intensity needed for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time.

  • do i detect it or not?
44
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A
  • minimum difference required to detect a change
45
Q

Weber’s Law

A
  • a percentage that doesn’t change
  • the greater the initial stimulus, the larger the difference must be for it to be noticeable.
46
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation

47
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

senses influence each other

48
Q

Synesthesia

A

when we perceive sensory information with the wrong part of the brain

49
Q

Retina

A
  • located at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors
  • translates light into neural impulses which are sent to the brain via optic nerves
50
Q

Rods

A

-sensitive to dim light

-black/white

-less detail

-periphery of retina

51
Q

Cones

A

-needs brighter light

-color

-more detail

-center of retina

52
Q

Visual (Optic) Nerve

A
  • carries visual information from the retina to the brain
53
Q

Blind Spot

A

area in the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye, creating a gap in the visual field where no photoreceptors are present.

54
Q

Accommodation

A

process by which the lens(focus light on retina) changes its shape to focus light on the retina.

55
Q

Nearsightedness

A

distant objects appear blurry because the eye focuses light in front of the retina.

56
Q

Farsightedness

A

near objects appear blurry because the eye focuses light behind the retina.

usually caused by a shorter than normal eyeball or a flatter cornea.

57
Q

Wavelength

A

-distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the other

  • in vision=color
  • in hearing = pitch
58
Q

Amplitude

A
  • the height of a wave, corresponds to the intensity

-In vision = brightness
-In hearing = loudness

59
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

-The eye has three types of cones (blue, green, red)

-Perception of all colors on the spectrum comes from a combination of the activity of these three cones.

60
Q

Dichromatism

A

-only two types of cones
-difficulty distinguishing between certain colors.

61
Q

Monochromatism

A

-only one type of cone
-shades of gray, cannot perceive any color

62
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Suggests that color is perceived in opposing systems:

red-green
blue-yellow
black-white

63
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

-final output neurons of the retina

-transmit visual information from the photoreceptors to the brain

-axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve

64
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • the inability to recognize faces, often due to damage to the fusiform gyrus in the temporal lobe.
65
Q

Blindsight

A

individuals with damage to the primary visual cortex can respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them

66
Q

Wavelength (in hearing)

A

Shorter wavelengths of sound results in higher frequencies (and higher pitch).

Pitch is how “high” or “low” we perceive a sound to be.

67
Q

Pitch

A

the shorter the wavelength, the higher the pitch of the sound

68
Q

Loudness

A

the higher the amplitude, the louder the sound

69
Q

Cochlea (transduction point)

A

The basilar membrane in the cochlea converts fluid motion into neural impulses

70
Q

Place Theory

A

Suggests that different frequencies activate different places along the basilar membrane

Problem: doesn’t explain how we perceive the low frequencies that vibrate the entire cochlea.

71
Q

Frequency Theory

A

Suggests that pitch perception is a result of the timing of nerve impulses to the brain.

This helps explain low frequencies that vibrate the entire cochlea

72
Q

Volley Theory

A

Suggests that multiple neurons fire in a sequence that combines to form the correct frequency.

This solves the problem with frequency theory

73
Q

Sound Localization

A

A person can tell which direction a sound is coming from.

Relies on differences in:
timing
intensity

74
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

sound waves are not effectively conducted to the cochlea

75
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve.

76
Q

Olfactory System

A

sense of smell

77
Q

Smell

A

chemical sense
associated with strong memories

78
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals released by an individual that can affect the behavior or physiology of other members of the same species.

Attraction
Danger

79
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste

80
Q

Taste Receptors

A

can detect
- sweet
- sour
- salty
- bitter
- umami(meaty taste)
-oleogustus(fatty foods)

81
Q

Taste Discrimination

A

Sensitivity to taste is due to number/density of taste buds.

82
Q

Super taster

A

above average

83
Q

medium taster

A

average

84
Q

non-taster

A

below average

85
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

principle that one sense may influence another

86
Q

sense of touch

A

combination of:
- pressure
- warmth
- cold
- pain

87
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

The spinal cord has a pain “gate” that can block or allow signals to pass to the brain.

Non-painful input may close the gate and lessen our perception of pain.

88
Q

Vestibular sense

A

provides information about balance and spatial orientation.

Structures in the inner ear called semicircular canals detect rotational movements of the head and are involved in maintaining balance.

89
Q

Kinesthesis

A

involves sensory receptors in the muscles, tendons, and joints that provide information about the position and movement of different body parts.

90
Q

Phantom Limb

A

The sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still present.

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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