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AP Psychology > Unit 1a: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 1a: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Heredity

A
  • nature
  • transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring through their genes.
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2
Q

Environment

A
  • nurture
  • influence of factors such as upbringing, environment, culture, and personal experiences.
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3
Q

nature

A

DNA/Genes

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4
Q

nurture

A

Enviornment

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5
Q

Genetic Predisposition

A

an increased likelihood of developing a trait or disorder based on genetic makeup.

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6
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

explains psychological traits and behaviors are shaped by natural selection

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7
Q

Natural Selection

A

the idea that people with traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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8
Q

Eugenics

A

-now-discredited practice
-involves selective breeding of humans to improve their genetic composition and reduce the impact of heredity disease.

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9
Q

Family Studies

A

studies that decide whether a disease “runs in the family”

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10
Q

Twin Studies

A

studies where monozygotic and dizygotic(womb mates) are studied

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11
Q

Adoption Studies

A

studies where the behaviors and traits of adopted children are compared to their biological parents and adaptive parents.

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12
Q

Central Nervous System

A

-the brain and spinal core
-makes decisions

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-conducts information
-sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

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14
Q

Somatic Nervous System (PNS)

A

-voluntary functions
-controls the body’s skeletal muscles
-transmits sensory information

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15
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (PNS)

A

-involuntary functions
- ex. heart rate, breathing, etc.

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16
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System (ANS)

A
  • arouses
  • mobilizes the body in times of stress
  • fight or flight response
  • may cause burnout if independently working
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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (ANS)

A
  • calm
  • maintaining homeostasis
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18
Q

Glial Cells

A

-nonneuronal cells
-provide support to neuron cells

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19
Q

Reflex Arc

A

sensory neurons detect a stimulus—> interneuron processes information –> motor neurons produce response

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20
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

information goes to CNS

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

information comes from the CNS to the body

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22
Q

interneurons

A

middle man that thinks
(brain is mostly made up of this)

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23
Q

Neural Transmission

A

the ways neurons comunicate with each other

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24
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential in a neuron

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25
Q

resting potential

A
  • no firing
    -not flushing the toilet
    -inside of the neuron had more negative ions than the outside
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26
Q

Action Potential

A
  • firing
    -flushing the toilet
    -electrical signal travels down the axon to transmit information
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27
Q

Refractory Period

A

-has fired
-after flushing the toilet
- cannot fire again
- neuron returns to its polarized state

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28
Q

Depolarization

A

-neuron’s membrane become more positive
-may lead to action potential if the threshold is reached.

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29
Q

All or Nothing Principle

A

-neuron fires completey or doesn’t fire at all

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30
Q

Synapse

A

the axon terminally ALMOST touches another neuron

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31
Q

Reuptake

A

NTs that have been released into the synapse are reabsorbed by the presynaptic(sending) neuron.

32
Q

Excitatory NT

A

excites a post-synaptic neuron to fire

33
Q

Inhibitory NT

A

contain excitement of neuron firing

34
Q

Dopamine

A

-“The Reward Chemical”
- reward, motivation, pleasure, motor control

35
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-“The Learning NT”
-muscle contraction, learning, memory

36
Q

Serotonin

A

-“The Mood Stabilizer”
-regulation of mood, appetite, sleep, arousal

37
Q

Norepinephrine

A

-“The Alertness Chemical”
-arousal, alertness, mood regulation, attention

38
Q

Glutamate

A

-“The Gets the brain going NT”
-most common excitatory NT
-cognitive function such as learning and memory

39
Q

GABA

A

“The calming chemical”
- primary inhibitory NT
-reduces neuronal excitability
-prevent overactivity in the brain
-regulates anxiety, sleep, muscle tone

40
Q

Endorphins

A

-“The Pain Killer”
- released during exercise, stress, injury
-regulates feeling of well-being and euphoria

41
Q

Substance P

A

-“The Pain Preceptor”
- transmits pain signals to the CNS

42
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemicals by endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream
  • target organs and tissues
  • regulate a wide range of psychological processes, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood
43
Q

Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

A
  • “The brain activator” in emergencies
  • “fight or flight” response to threat
  • increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability
44
Q

Leptin

A
  • “The appetite reducer”
  • inhibits hunger
    -signals the brain that the body has enough stored energy.
45
Q

Ghrelin

A
  • “The Food Growler”
  • stimulates appetite
    -signals the brain that the body needs food.
46
Q

Melatonin

A
  • “The sleep manager”
  • regulated sleep-wake cycle
  • levels increase in the evening
  • levels decrease in the morning
47
Q

Oxytocin

A

-“The Love Hormone”
-social/emotional connections
-reduces stress
-promotes self-trust and empathy

48
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

-affect the brain
-alter mood, perception, consciousness, and behavior.
-illegal/legal

49
Q

Agonists

A
  • bind and activate receptor
  • increase natural effect
50
Q

Antagonists

A

-bind and block receptor
- decrease natural effect

51
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Drugs that block the reabsorption of NTs into the presynaptic neuron.
—>
an increase in the concentration of NTs in the synapse

52
Q

Addiction

A

craving for a drug despite adverse consequences

53
Q

Tolerance

A

diminishing effect of a drug

54
Q

Withdrawl

A

negative effects without a drug

55
Q

Stimulants

A

“The system Speeder”
- increase activity in CNS
- increase in alertness, energy, and euphoria
- CAFFEINE
- COCAINE- blocks reuptake of dopamine

56
Q

Depressants

A

“The Relaxer”
- decrease the activity of CNS
- increase of relaxation, drowsing, and a reduction in anxiety
- ALCOHOL (increase GABA) (reduce Glutamate)
-may cause loss of motor control and impaired judgment

57
Q

Hallucinogens

A

“The Sensory Hijacker”
- perceptual distortions
- hallucinations
- an altered state of consciousness
-MARIJUANA (also has stimulant and depressant effect)

58
Q

Opioids

A

“The Painkiller”
- bind to opioid receptors in the brain
- reduce the perception of pain
- produce euphoria
-HEROIN

59
Q

Consciousness

A
  • being aware of and able to think about one’s existence, thoughts, surroundings, and experiences.

Sleep= altered state of consciousness

60
Q

Circadian Rythm

A
  • Sleep/Wake Cycle
  • natural internal process that regulates sleep-wake cycle
  • influenced by environment
61
Q

Jet Lag

A

disturbance in sleep due to travel in different time zones

62
Q

Shift Work

A

working in odd hours

63
Q

NREM- 1

A
  • 5% of total sleep
  • partial awareness state
64
Q

NREM- 2

A

-45% of total sleep
- important for overall rest

65
Q

NREM-3

A
  • 25% total sleep time
  • deepest sleep time
66
Q

REM- Sleep

A

-25% sleep
- paralyzed dreaming

67
Q

REM Rebound

A
  • recovery sleep time
68
Q

Consolidation Theory

A

dreams play a role in consolidating and processing memories

69
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A
  • dreams are disruptive and make sense of random neural activity during REM sleep.
70
Q

Memory Consolidation

A

short-term memories —> long-term memories

71
Q

hypnagogic sensations

A

vivid sensory experiences

72
Q

Restoration of Resources

A

body restores wasted resources during sleep

73
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sleep disorder where you fall asleep at random times

74
Q

Insomnia

A

sleep disorder related to difficulty managing in sleep cycle

75
Q

Somnambulism (Sleep-Walking)

A

performing complex behaviors while the body is in deep sleep

76
Q

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

A

person acts out their dream during REM sleep because the normal paralysis is absent

77
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

difficulty breathing while sleeping

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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