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AP Psychology > Unit 2a: Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 2a: Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Perception

A

the way we construct our representations of the external world

select , organize , and interpret our sensations.

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2
Q

Bottom Up Processing

A

taking sensory information and assembling it .

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3
Q

Top Down processing

A

using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information.

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4
Q

perceptual Set

A

mental predisposition to percieve things in a particular way based on expectations, expreiences, or context.

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5
Q

perceptual set and top down processing combination

A

You have a perceptual set about something and use top-down processing to understand your perceptions.

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6
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

= entirety

  • studies how the mind intergrates and organizes sensory information into meanginful entirely.
  • Three Principle: Closure, Figure and Ground, Grouping
  • you don’t see the ears, nose, and fur, but instead you see the dog.
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7
Q

Closure (Gestalt)

A
  • individuals tend to perceive incomplete objects as complete.
  • If you see a circle that’s not all the way round, your brain thinks, “That’s a circle!” and fills in the missing part.
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8
Q

Figure and Ground (Gestalt)

A
  • the way people distinguish an object( the figure) from its background (the ground).
  • Imagine when you see a toy car on the floor. Your brain focuses on the car and not on the carpet around it.
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9
Q

Grouping

A
  • objects are grouped together due to proximity and similiarity.
  • If you have a bunch of red blocks and a bunch of blue blocks, your brain likes to put the red blocks together and the blue blocks together.
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10
Q

Selective Attention

A

ability to focus on a specific stimulus or task while ignoring other distractions.

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11
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

focus on one convo amidst a noisy environment, while still being able to detect relevant information.

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12
Q

Intentional Blindness

A

individuals fail to notice unexpected or conspicious stimuli in their visual field becasue their attention is focused somehwere.

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13
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

we tend to recognize objects as being constant and unchanging despite variations in the sensory input.

  • size
  • shape
  • color
  • brightness
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14
Q

Depth Perception

A

Enables us to visually judge distance

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15
Q

Depth Cues

A

visual info that allows us to percieve depth/distance.

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16
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

require both eyes

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17
Q

monocular depth cues

A

only require one eye

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18
Q

Binocular (Retinal Disparity)

A

differnet images from each eye are combined to give a sense of depth and dimension

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19
Q

Binocular (Convergence)

A

amount of inward movement of eyes signals how close an object is.

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20
Q

Monocular (Relative Size)

A

objects that appear larger are perceived as being closer

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21
Q

Monocular (Relative Clarity)

A

objects that are clearer and more detailed are presumed as being closer.

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22
Q

Monocular (Texture Gradient)

A

the texture of a surface becomes less distinct and more compressed as it recedes into distance

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23
Q

Monocular (Linear Perspective)

A

parallel lines seem to be coverging as they recede into distane

  • vanishing point drawings
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24
Q

Monocular (Interpositon)

A

an object that partially covers or overlaps another object is presumed to be closer to the observer.

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25
Q

Apparent Movement

A

perception of movement in stationery object.

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26
Q

Systems Theory

A

There are two systems.

System 1: “Fast
- unconsious
- memorizes quickly

System 2: “Slow”
- consious

27
Q

Cognition

A

the process of knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating

28
Q

Concept

A

cognitive category that allows people to group similar objects, events, ideas, or expreiences.

ex. comfort food

29
Q

Prototype

A

the “ideal type” of a category

30
Q

Schema

A

cognitive framework that helps to organize and interpret information based on prior knowledge and experiences.

31
Q

Assimilation

A

incorporating new info or experiences into existing schemas by adding information similar to what is already known.

32
Q

Accomodation

A

adjusting or changing existing schemas in response to new information that doesn’t fit into current schemas

  • inclusions
33
Q

Algorithms

A

prodecure/ set of rules that gurnatee a solution to a problem when followed correctly.

34
Q

Heuristics

A

a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies decision making and problem solving by reducing the cognitive load.

35
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A

estimating the likelihood of something based on how similar it is to existing mental categories.

36
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Estimating the likelihood of an event is based on how easily examples or instances come to mind.

37
Q

Mental Set

A

Approaching problems in a particular way based on past experiences or habits.

Especially if the method has been successful.

38
Q

Priming Effect

A

exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious awareness.

39
Q

Framing effect

A

when the same information is perceived differently depending on how it is described or framed.

40
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

The belief that past events or outcomes in a random process will influence future events

41
Q

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

A

Tendency to stick with a decision we’ve invested time, money, or energy into, even if the current costs outweigh the benefits.

42
Q

Creativity

A
  • ability to generate novel and useful ideas, solutions, or products.
  • involves thinking in original ways and making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts.
43
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

involves generating a wide variety of possible solutions or ideas in response to an open-ended problem or question.

44
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

involves narrowing down multiple ideas or solutions to find the best or most effective answer to a specific problem.

45
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Tendency to think of objects only in terms of their usual functions

46
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to acquire, understand, and apply knowledge and skills.

Reasoning
Problem-solving
Abstract thinking
Ability to adapt to new situations.

47
Q

General Intelligence Theory

A

suggests there is a general factor of intelligence called “g”
General intelligence represents a broad, overarching capability that affects specific cognitive skills and tasks.

48
Q

Multiple Intelligences Theories

A

Various theories claim that intelligence is more than one thing

49
Q

Chronological Age

A

Actual Age

50
Q

Mental Age

A

the average age of your mental capability

51
Q

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

IQ is a standardized score derived from an intelligence test.

52
Q

Achievement Tests

A

measure what you have learned

53
Q

Aptitude Test

A

predict your ability to learn

54
Q

Fixed Mindset

A

believes intelligence is:
-static (doesn’t change)
-innate part of us

wants to look smart

tendency to:
-avoid challenges
-ignore useful feedback

55
Q

Growth Mindset

A

believes intelligence is:
-dynamic (changeable)
-can be developed.

wants to learn

tendency to:
-embrace challenges
-learn from criticism

56
Q

Standardization

A

process of administering and scoring a test in a consistent manner across different individuals or groups.

allows for fair comparisons of scores.

Norms are created by pre-testing a representative sample. Scores are then compared with the norms.

57
Q

Validity

A

the extent to which a test measures what is intended to measure.

58
Q

Construct Validity

A

The degree to which a test accurately measures the theoretical construct or concept it is intended to assess. Construct validity involves evaluating whether the test aligns with theoretical

59
Q

Predictive Validity

A

The extent to which a test accurately predicts future performance or outcomes related to the construct being measured. For example, predictive validity examines whether a test score can forecast academic achievement or job performance.

60
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency and stability of test scores over time and across different conditions.

61
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

measure of the consistency of test scores when the same test is administered to the same individuals on different occasions.

62
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

A measure of the internal consistency of a test by comparing scores on two equivalent halves of the test.

63
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

the concern that you will confirm a negative stereotype of your group.

64
Q

Flynn Effect

A

observed rise in average IQ scores over time across many countries.

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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