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AP Psychology > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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2
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; “I-knew-it-all-along” phenomenon.

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3
Q

Overconfidence

A

Confirmation Bias+ Hindsight Bias

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.

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4
Q

Cultural Norms

A

a group of shared beliefs, values, expectations, and behaviors that are considered typical for a specific society or culture

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

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6
Q

Replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, to see whether the basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances.

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7
Q

Peer Review

A

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

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8
Q

Falsifiable

A

a scientific hypothesis that can be disproven by an experimental observation or empirical test

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9
Q

Sample

A

a small group of individuals selected from a larger population to be included in a study

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10
Q

Population

A

all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study

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11
Q

Representative Sample

A

sample that resembles a population

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12
Q

Random Sampling

A

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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13
Q

Convenience sampling

A

research sampling strategy that involves selecting participants based on their accessibility and availability to the researcher

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14
Q

Generalizability

A

a measure of how useful the results of a study are for a larger group of people or situations

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15
Q

Qualitative research/measure

A

a method of research that produces descriptive (non-numerical) data, such as observations of behavior or personal accounts of experiences

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16
Q

Structured interviews

A

a research method that uses a predetermined set of questions asked in a specific order to all interviewees

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17
Q

Case Study

A

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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18
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

observing/recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

19
Q

Quantitative research/measures

A

a method of research that uses numerical data to analyze statistical relationships and describe, understand, and predict phenomena

20
Q

Likert Scales

A

a psychometric tool that’s often used in psychology questionnaires to measure attitudes, behaviors, and personality (ex - a range of responses from strongly agree to strongly disagree)

21
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself; a possible challenge to self-report surveys

22
Q

Experimental group

A

a subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested

23
Q

Random assignment

A

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance; minimizes effect of possible confounding variables

24
Q

Control group

A

the group not exposed to the factor or condition being tested; serves to evaluate the effect of the treatment

25
Q

Independent variables (IV)

A

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

26
Q

Confounding variables

A

in an experiment, a variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable

27
Q

Dependent variables (DV)

A

the experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the IV

28
Q

Operational definitions

A

a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables

29
Q

Replication

A

repeating the essence of a research study, to see whether the basic finding extend to other participants and circumstances

30
Q

Placebo

A

a harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect

31
Q

Placebo effect:

A

experimental results caused by expectations alone; effect caused by administration of inert substance/condition

32
Q

Single-blind study:

A

a clinical trial design where only one party, either the researcher or the participant, is unaware of which treatment or intervention the participant is receiving

33
Q

Double-blind study

A

both the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

34
Q

Experimenter bias

A

any systematic errors in the research process or the interpretation of its results that are attributable to a researcher’s behavior, preconceived beliefs, expectancies, or desires about results

35
Q

Correlation

A

the extent to which two factors vary together; of how well either factor predicts the other

36
Q

Positive Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables in which both rise and fall together

37
Q

Negative Correlation

A

a relationship between two variables that move in opposite directions

38
Q

Scatterplot

A

a type of data display that shows the relationship between two numerical variables

39
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistical measure of the strength of a linear relationship between two variables. Its values can range from -1 to 1.

40
Q

Effect sizes

A

a way to measure the magnitude of a difference between groups or the significance of a relationship between variables in sampled data

41
Q

Statistical significance

A

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Directionality problem (in correlation)- a limitation of correlational research that occurs when it’s unclear which variable influences another

42
Q

Directionality problem (in correlation)-

A

a limitation of correlational research that occurs when it’s unclear which variable influences another

43
Q

Third variable problem (in correlation)

A

when a third variable causes a correlation between two other variables, making it seem like they have a causal relationship when they don’t

44
Q

Meta-analysis-

A

a statistical method that combines and analyzes the results of multiple studies on a topic to draw an overall conclusion

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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