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AP Psychology > Unit 4a: Attribution > Flashcards

Unit 4a: Attribution Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

how we think about, influence, and relaton one another

  • how do humans function together
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2
Q

Attribution Theory

A

we will typically explain someon’e behavior by crediting their disposition and situation.

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3
Q

Disposition

A

internal factors

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4
Q

Situation

A

External Factors

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5
Q

Actor/Observer Bias

A

tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispostional attributions

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6
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

When explaining the behavior of others, our tendency to :

  • overemphasize dispostional factors
  • underestimate situational factors.
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7
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

tendency to attribute positive outcomes to internal factors

ex. I got an A+ because I’m smart, but last year, I got a B because the teacher was mean.

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8
Q

Explanatory Styles

A

a perosn’a habitual way of explaining the events of their lives.
- pessimistic or optimistic

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9
Q

Pessimistic Style

A

associated with depression and helplessness.

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10
Q

Optimistic Style

A

associated with better mental health and resilience.

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11
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

People tend to devlop a preference for things solely because they are familiar with them.

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12
Q

Halo Effect

A

Cognitive Bias that occurs when an initial positive judgement about a person unconsciously colors the perception of the individual as a whole .

ex. assuming pretty people are more competent.

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13
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

belief that one has control over their own life and outcomes are a result of of their own actions and decisions.

associated w/ better life success and self-perception

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14
Q

External Locus of Control

A

belief that external forces such as fate, luck, or other people have control over one’s life and outcomes.

associated w/ negative self-perception and helplessness

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15
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

belief/expection that influences behavior in a way that causes the belieif to become true.

aka Pygamalion Effect

can apply to others or self

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16
Q

Social Comparison

A

process of comparing oneself to others to evaluate one’s won abilities, opinions, an overall self-worth.
- upward: compare to the better
-downward: compare to the worse

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17
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

Perception that someone is worse off compared to others, leading to feelings of discontent and resentment.

expectations are a result of observing other people.

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18
Q

Attitude

A

beliefs, feelings, and behaviors toward a particular object, person, or event.

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19
Q

Cognitive Load

A

total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory

high cognitive Load can make it difficult to process info and impacts performance

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20
Q

Implicit Attitudes

A

attitudes that are automatic, unconscious, and not easily controlled.

to avoid cognitive load, our minds rely on implicit attitudes

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21
Q

Stereotype

A

widely held, oversimplified beliefs or ideas about a particular group of people.

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22
Q

Prejudice

A

preconcieved opinion/feeling that is negative toward a group.

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23
Q

Discrimination

A

unfair/unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group.

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24
Q

Just-World Phenomenon

A

belief that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

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25
Q

In- Group Bias

A

tendency to favor members of one’s own groups over thos in other groups

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26
Q

Out-Group Homogenity Bias

A

tendency to view members of another group as more similr to each other than members of one’s in group

can lead to stereotyping

27
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

belief in the inherent superioty of one’s own ethnic group or culture.

28
Q

Belief Preserverance

A

tendency to hold on to one’s beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.

29
Q

Cognitive Disonance

A

psychological discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes.

30
Q

Social Norms

A

implicit/explicit rules that a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members.

31
Q

Social Influence theory

A

one’s thoughts,feelings, and behvaiors are influnced by others compliance, conformity, and/or obedience

32
Q

Compliance

A

behavior change based on a request

33
Q

conformity

A

behavior change based on social pressure

34
Q

obedience

A

behavior change based on instruction from an authority.

35
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

we conform because we see others as a source of info.

36
Q

Informational Social Influence

A

we conform because we see others as a source of infor

37
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuassion

A

we use motivation, ability, and opportunity to elaborate using central or peripheral route

38
Q

Central Route

A

high level elaboration

deep processing of info and individuals are motivated

39
Q

Peripheral Route

A

low level elaboration

aspects such as presentation of message and the presenter are more important than the message

40
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A

persuasion strategy in which a person makes a small request that is likely to be accepted, followed by a larger request.

41
Q

Door-in-the-Face Technique

A

persuasion strategy in which a person makes a large request that is expected to be refused, followed by a small request.

42
Q

Cultural Dimensions

A

some countries are individualistic and some are collectivistic

43
Q

Individualism

A
  • individual takes care of themselves and immediate family only.
  • “I”
  • personal opinion viewed
  • Work to benefit self
44
Q

Collectivism

A
  • individual takes care of community
  • “we”
  • shared values, ideas, opinions

-working for groups benefit

45
Q

Group Polarization

A

tendency for group discussion to intensify the initial learnings of the members.

46
Q

Group Think

A

phenomenon that occurs when a group values harmony and coherence over accurate analysis and critical evaluation.

leads to poor decision

47
Q
A
48
Q

Cultural Dimension

A

Some countries are individualistic while some are more collectivistic

49
Q

Group Polarization

A

tendency for group discussion to intensify the initial leanings of the members.

50
Q

Group Think

A

phenomenon that occurs when a group values harmony and coherence over accurate analysis and critical evaluation.

leads to poor decision making

51
Q

Diffusion of Responsiblity

A

phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to take action or feel responsible when others are present.

can lead to inaction

52
Q

Bystander Effect

A

phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.

probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

due to a perceived diffusion of responsibility.

53
Q

Social Loafing

A

tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

due to a perceived diffusion of responsibility.

54
Q

Deindividuation

A

psychological state characterized by loss of self-awareness and a diminished sense of personal responsibility

likely in situations that:
foster anonymity
increase arousal

55
Q

Social Facilitation

A

tendency for people to perform better on tasks when in the presence of others.

differs from social loafing because the individual is evaluated

56
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

tendency to overestimate how much others share our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.

57
Q

Superordinate Goals

A

shared goals that require the cooperation of two or more groups to achieve.

can reduce intergroup conflict by encouraging collaboration

58
Q

Social Traps

A

conflict of interest where people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the larger group as a whole.

can impede cooperation

59
Q

Altruism

A

selfless concern for the well-being of others.

motivated by desire to help without expectation of any reward

60
Q

Prosocial Behavior

A

voluntary behavior intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, and comforting.

61
Q

Social Debt

A

obligation to repay others for the help and support they have provided.

some researchers claim that this is the actual motivation for prosocial behavior

62
Q

Social Reciprocity Norm

A

expectation that one will respond to a positive action with another positive action, thus rewarding kind actions.

promotes mutual help and cooperation

63
Q

Social Responsibility Norm

A

societal rule that people should help those who need assistance, even if they will not receive anything in return.

emphasizes the duty to help others based on moral principles.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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