Unit 4 wk 15 Flashcards
Radiology
branch of medicine that uses the application of radioactive substances to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease
What is the biochemical effect x-rays have on human tissues?
losing electrons/ionization
what type of image is a true negative
fluroscopic image because the background is white
Radiodensity
how much radiation is being absorbed from the xray beam
what are the 5 shades of grey
air - black
fat - greyblack
water-grey
bone- white
what are the ABCS search pattern for radiograph
alignment
bone density
cartilage spaces
soft tissue
CT
high resolution thin slices of axial anatomy
radiograph vs CT
radiograps have a fixed xray tube and one beam going through pt
CT: xray tube moves around patient and receptors measure remanent radiation
WHat is a TAP (thorx-abdomen-pelvis) scan?
eval of high risk trama pts for life threatening injuries in one quick exam
advantages of CT
fast image acquisition
soft tissue and osseous structure
view large portion of body
BEST IN EMERGENCIES (intracranial bleeds)
disadvantage of CT
most radiation exposure
T1 vs T2 weighted sequence (for MRI)
T1 defines anatomy
T2 detects fluid (H2O)
signal intensities in MRI – HIGH vs LOW
High = brighter image
Low = darker image
benefits of US
non invasive
no known ill effects
real-time- information
scanning planes of radiographs vs CT/MR
radiographs: AP, Lat, oblique
CT/MR: coronal, sagittal, axial
optimal use for each– CT, mri, US
US: cartilage, peds, soft tissue
MRI
CT
BMI SCALE
normal : 18.5-24.9
overweight 25-29
OBESITY CLASS 1: 30-34
OBESITY CLASS 2: 35-39
Tx for obesity major components
- assist w lifestyle modifications (PA and diet)
- nutritional programming
- exercise programming
to change weight by 1 pound, caloric intake must be decreased or increased by ______ calories
3,500
PA for modest and greatest weight loss
> 150 min for moderate
225-400 for greatest weight loss
exercise, diet, or a combo gives the most weight loss over two years?
exercise alone lost the most followed by exercise with diet
Exercise guidelines for weightloss
5-7d/wk
250-300min moderate intensity exercise
surgical options are only appropriate for those with BMI of ________
> 40 or >35 with comorbidities
increased adipose puts the patient in a chronic __________state
proinflammatory
what diseases is chronic inflammation linked to
CVD
ARTHRITIS
CANCER
Central abdominal obesity. M vs W
M: apple android
W: pead gynoid
T or F: obesity cluster –> metabolic syndrome –> type II DM
true
just know this, idk what to tell you… metabolic syndrome is the precursor to DM
wait circumference values for metabolic syndrome
Men >40
W >35
triglyceride levels for metabolic syndrome
> 150
HDL values for Metabolic syndrome
<40 M
<50 W
Type 1 diabetes
lack of insulin secretion = glucose accumulation from liver
autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas
ketone bodies form and accumulate = DANGER
Type 2 diabetes
slow onset of insulin resistence then insulin deficiency with progressive decline in beta cell function
associated w obesity
whats more dangerous? hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia? and what are their values
HYPOGLYCEMIA = blood glucose <70 = more dangerous
hyperglycemia = bg >300
cardiopulm complications of diabetes
htn, cva, node dysfunction, chf, pad
thickening of alveolar endothelial and capillary basal laminae
endothelial dysfunction
kidney function
regulate serum osmolality , acid base balance
cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease
- increase risk of CV events
- HTN
- Accelerated atherosclerosis
- HF
- abnormal LV structure
pulmonary complications of chronic kidney disease
- PULMONARY EDEMA
- fibrinous pleuritis and pulm calcification
- decrease in arterial PaO2
what type of exercise for patients with chronic kidney disease and failure?
resistance training combined with aerobic exercise
Clinical implications/things to look for for physical therapy for pts with CKD and CKF
-poor exercise tolerance from inactivity
-view lab values prior to each tx
- use RPE!
infiltrative diseases effect the heart and lungs - what are 3 common ones
amylodosis
sarcodosis
hematochromatosis
cardiopulm toxicity of cancer treatment can cause what
pericarditis
restrictive disease
bowel disease
