Unit 4: Vocab (4.1 - 4.4) Flashcards
chain of missions established by Franciscan monks in the Spanish SW and California that forced Indians to convert to catholicism and work as agricultural laborers
Mission System
system of forced labor imposed on indigenous workers by Spanish colonists. It was patterned on grants of land and tribute to those who fought for Spain during the Reconquista. The Spanish Crown employed this to encourage colonization.
Encomienda System
labor system implemented by the Spanish in their colonies in Central and South America, where indigenous populations were periodically “distributed” or assigned to work for Spanish colonists in various tasks like mining, agriculture, and construction, essentially providing forced labor with a supposed payment, though often exploitative and inadequate
Repartimiento System
rigid social hierarchy established by the Spanish in their colonies in the Americas, which categorized people based on their racial ancestry, with those of pure European descent (Peninsulars) at the top, followed by Creoles (European descent born in the Americas), Mestizos (mixed European and Native American), and Indigenous people at the bottom
Caste System (peninsulares, criollos, mestizos, mulatos, Native Americans, enslaved africans)
a violent conflict between Native American tribes in New England, primarily led by the Wampanoag chief Metacom (also called “King Philip”), and English colonists that took place from 1675 to 1676, marked by fierce resistance against growing English settlement on indigenous lands
Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War), 1675-1676
Uprising by the ________ against spanish colonizers where they rebelled against the harsh treatment, forced religious conversion, and exploitation. Was successful and they ended up with a more equal relationship with the Spanish.
Pueblo Revolt (Po’pay’s Rebellion), 1680
Foreign policy approach where the US does not get involved in people’s business.
Neutrality
Foreign policy approach where the US does not get involved in other countries business.
Isolationism
policy of invading foreign lands to expand territory, political influence, or ideology.
Expansionism
Foreign policy approach when the US tries to intervene before something happens.
Preemption
Long armed struggle between the ______ Indian confederacy and early English settlers in the tidewater section of Virginia and southern Maryland. The conflict resulted in the destruction of the Indian power.
Powhatan Wars, 1611-1646
War that resulted in the destruction of the Native tribe besides the Mohegan in New England. Took place before King Philip’s war
Pequot War, 1636-37
large mountain range located in eastern North America, extending from Canada down to Alabama
Appalachian Mountains
Act where colonists could not settle west of the the Appalachian Mountains.
Proclamation of 1763
An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. Happened because the native Americans were unhappy with British Rule
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
Famous speech delivered by Washington which warned people of the dangers of the two party system and the importance of neutrality
George Washington’s Farewell Address
was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain to settle lingering conflicts after the American Revolution. It aimed to prevent war and improve trade relations. Key points: British agree to withdraw troops, improved trade with britain, restricted american trade with French, US promises to pay back britain, did not address British’s seizure of American Ships and forced recruitment of american sailors by britain
Jay’s Treaty
the British practice of capturing American sailors and forcing them into service in the British Royal Navy.
Impressment
a diplomatic incident between the United States and France in 1797–1798. It involved a failed negotiation attempt between the two countries, and led to a brief undeclared war
XYZ Affair
passed by the U.S. Congress that closed U.S. ports to exports and restricted imports from Britain
Embargo Act, 1807
a war fought between the GB and US on Native American policy, trade. And western expansion. Made Europe respect the US
War of 1812
the idea that the United States had a God-given right to expand across North America
Manifest Destiny
US took Texas through a joint resolution passed by Congress making Texas the 28th state in the union
Annexation of Texas, 1845
War started because the United States annexed Texas in 1845, but Mexico claimed Texas ended at the Nueces River, while the U.S. claimed it ended at the Rio Grande
Mexican-American War, 1846-48
This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
a country that is self-governing and not under the political control of any other nation
Independent Sovereign Nation
a legal term used to describe Native American tribes residing within the United States, subject to federal government power and responsibility while still maintaining a degree of sovereignty over their affairs
Domestic Dependent Nation
authorizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders forcing them to move westward
Indian Removal Act, 1830
happened because of ↑ moving Indians from their southeastern land to the west
Trail of Tears, 1831(began)
a series of U.S. federal laws that altered government policy toward Native Americans by increasing federal control over their lands and lives. The most significant acts were passed in 1851 and 1871.
Indian Appropriations Bill, 1871 (US Government ceases to recognize tribes as independent nations)
Native Americans were forced to the reservation when Americans decided they wanted their land, natives were not allowed to leave the reservation w/o permission
Indian Appropriations Act, 1851
A ritual by the Native Americans where they believed that by doing this they would bring back their dead relatives and ancestors who would fight by their side against the White people. Scared white people leading to the massacre at Wounded Knee
Ghost Dance
Occurred when Custer marched his column of men deep into Sioux territory to stop a possible uprising due to his claim to gold in the Black Hills
Battle of Little BigHorn, 1876
aimed to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream society by dividing tribal lands into individual plots making them lose a lot of land
Dawes Act, 1887
Schools meant to “save the man and kill the indian”. Cruel places where native children were sent to be “taught to assimilate into white culture”. They weren’t allowed to speak their native languages, keep hair hair long, etc
Indian Boarding Schools
All native Americans born on American soil are American citizens. This act removes Native sovereignty
Indian Citizenship Act, 1924
The United States would not tolerate any further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and would consider any attempt to do so as an act of aggression against the U.S
Monroe Doctrine
going beyond territory to influence politically or to colonize
Imperialism
fought between the United States and Spain in 1898, primarily over the issue of Cuban independence
Spanish-American War
argued in favor of the annexation of the Philippines and called for the construction of a new navy
Senator Albert Beveridge
supported imperialism in the Philippines
William Jennings Bryan
The slaughter of approximately 150–300 Lakota individuals by United States Army troops in southwestern South Dakota
Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890
