4.5-4.10 Flashcards
The United States would not tolerate any further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and would consider any attempt to do so as an act of aggression against the U.S
Monroe Doctrine
going beyond territory to influence politically or to colonize
Imperialism
fought between the United States and Spain in 1898, primarily over the issue of Cuban independence
Spanish-American War
argued in favor of the annexation of the Philippines and called for the construction of a new navy
Senator Albert Beveridge
supported imperialism in the Philippines
William Jennings Bryan
an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy.
Jingoism
This country was annexed by businessmen who led a coup that toppled the queen. They were annexed because it would be a good fueling base for American ships during the war with Spain.
Annexation of Hawaii
War (1899-1902) due to this country’s revolutionaries resisting US colonization. Spain had been defeated so US gained control of this place.
Philippine-American War
a U.S. Navy battleship that mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba, on February 15, 1898. The incident became a major cause of the Spanish-American War (1898) due to yellow journalism and growing tensions between the U.S. and Spain.
USS Maine
sensationalized, exaggerated, and often misleading news reporting designed to attract readers and influence public opinion. It played a major role in fueling the Spanish-American War (1898) by stirring up anti-Spanish sentiment in the U.S.
Yellow Journalism
The policy of negotiation supported by the unspoken threat of military force.
Big Stick Diplomacy
extension of the Monroe Doctrine, announced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. It stated that the United States had the right to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability, protect U.S. interests, and prevent European interference.
Roosevelt Corollary
This represented American imperialism, interventionism, and economic expansion. It reflected the U.S.’s shift from isolationism to an active global power, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Panama Canal
President best known for his idealistic approach to foreign policy, emphasizing democracy, self-determination, and moral diplomacy. His policies shaped U.S. involvement in World War I (WWI), postwar peace efforts, and interventions in Latin America.
Woodrow Wilson
The name of a british passenger ship that was sunk by a German U boat during WW1
Lusitania
Practice of German U-boats (submarines) sinking any ship, including neutral or passenger ships, in the waters around Britain and France without warning.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Secret message from Germany to Mexico that was intercepted by the British and given to America. The message basically was asking Mexico to start a war with the US
Zimmerman Telegram
A series of proposals made by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918 during World War I. They outlined his vision for a just and lasting peace and played a central role in the Treaty of Versailles (1919) and the creation of the League of Nations.
14 Points
The peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, ending WW1. Humiliating for Germany
Treaty of Versailles
An international organization created after World War I to promote peace, cooperation, and diplomatic resolution of conflicts between nations.
League of Nations
Foreign policy to stay out of foreign affairs.
Neutrality
A policy introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939 as part of the Neutrality Act of 1939. allowed belligerent nations (countries at war) to purchase military supplies from the United States under the condition that they paid for the goods in cash and transported them using their own ships. Policy marked a move away from strict neutrality into helping the Allied powers without directly involving the US
Cash and Carry
A landmark piece of legislation passed by Congress in March 1941 during World War II. It allowed the United States to provide military aid and supplies to Allied nations, particularly Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other countries fighting against the Axis Powers. The law marked a shift in U.S. foreign policy, moving from neutrality to direct economic and material support for the Allies, short of full military involvement.
Lend Lease
Term used by FDR in a fireside chat to describe the United States’ role in providing military supplies to Allied nations during the early stages of World War II. This phrase symbolized the U.S. as a major supplier of war materials—like guns, tanks, planes, and ammunition—to the Allied Powers while they were fighting the Axis Powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan).
Arsenal of Democracy
Isolationist Group formed in 1940 to oppose the US’s involvement in WW2. Largest anti-war org in US history, advocating for neutrality and non-intervention in the conflict, especially as the war escalated in Europe and Asia. Prominent during the early years of the war and a major voice in the debate about whether the U.S. should aid the Allied Powers or stay out of the conflict entirely.
America First Committee
Military strategy used by the United States and its allies during World War II in the Pacific Theater to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and capture strategically important islands that were less defended. This strategy was aimed at getting closer to Japan’s home islands to prepare for an eventual invasion, while cutting off Japanese supply lines and weakening their defenses.
Island Hopping
A situation when a country is fighting a war on two sides. EG: what didn’t want to do in ww2
Two-front War
Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, during World War II. This operation, officially called Operation Overlord, was a massive military effort that marked a turning point in the war against Nazi Germany. It was the largest amphibious assault in history and led to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi control.
D-Day
region in northern France, historically significant for its role in World War II, particularly during the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944, which was part of Operation Overlord. This region’s beaches became the site of one of the most significant military operations of the 20th century, leading to the liberation of Western Europe from Nazi occupation.
Normandy
Denial and Deception (D&D) refers to strategic operations carried out by the Allied forces to mislead the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany, about the location, timing, and nature of military operations. These tactics were used to gain a military advantage, confuse enemy forces, and misdirect their attention away from the true plans of the Allies. (before D-day_
Denial and Deception
Meeting between big 3 allied leaders, US, UK, USSR during WW2 to discuss the post war reorganization of Europe and the world.
Yalta Conference
final meeting of the Big Three Allied leaders during World War II. It followed closely after the Yalta Conference and occurred after Germany’s surrender in May 1945. The conference was a critical moment in the post-war shaping of Europe and the world.
Potsdam Conference
international organization founded on October 24, 1945, after the conclusion of World War II, with the goal of promoting international cooperation, maintaining peace and security, and preventing future conflicts.
United Nations
refers to the ability of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) to block or prevent the adoption of a decision or resolution. This power is an essential feature of the UN Security Council’s structure and is granted exclusively to the five permanent members (the P5):
Veto power
a U.S.-initiated economic aid program aimed at rebuilding and revitalizing Western Europe after the devastation of World War II. It was introduced by **U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall in a speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947, and became a central component of U.S. foreign policy in the post-war period.
Marshall Plan
Meeting in July 1944 during WW2 that laid the foundation for the post-war international financial system. It was a key moment in U.S. economic diplomacy and the development of global economic institutions.
Bretton Woods
global financial institution that was established in 1944 during the Bretton Woods Conference and officially came into existence in 1945. Plays a central role in the global economic system, providing financial assistance, advice, and promoting international monetary cooperation.
International Monetary Fund
Global Financial institution established alongside IMF. Aimed to provide financial assistance and technical support for development projects in low and middle-income countries, helping to reduce poverty and promote economic development.
World Bank
military alliance formed in 1949 that plays a significant role in the United States’ foreign policy and the global geopolitical landscape. It was created during the early stages of the Cold War in response to the growing threat of Soviet expansion and the need for collective defense among Western nations. Made up of US and Western Europe
NATO
Concept in international relations where multiple countries agree to work together to ensure the security of all members. The idea is that an attack on one member of the alliance is considered an attack on all, and all members are committed to responding to aggression. This principle is designed to prevent wars by deterring potential aggressors through the promise of united retaliation.
Collective Security
political and economic ideology that advocates for the establishment of a classless society, where the means of production (factories, land, resources) are collectively owned and controlled by the people. The goal of communism is to eliminate private property and social classes, ensuring that wealth and resources are distributed based on need rather than profit.
Communism
U.S. foreign policy strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communism during the Cold War (1947-1991). It was driven by the belief that if communism could be kept within the regions where it already existed, it would eventually collapse due to its internal contradictions and weaknesses.
Containment
The period of relaxed tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, roughly from the late 1960s to the late 1970s. The term, which means “easing of tensions” in French, marks a shift away from the confrontational stance of containment to a more diplomatic approach to managing U.S.-Soviet relations.
Detente
President of Chile. First marxist to be elected president in Latin America through open elections. US tries to stop this guy because he was not capitalist
Salvadore Allende (Chile)
President of Guatemala from 1951 to 1954, and his government is most famous for being overthrown in a CIA-backed coup due to his land reform policies and perceived communist sympathies during the Cold War. Example of the US trying to stop communism
Jacobo Arbenz (Guatemala)
Failed military invasion of Cuba by CIA trained force of Cuban exiles meant to overthrow Fidel Castro’s communist government. Considered one of the most significant failures of US foreign policy
Bay of Pigs (Cuba)
Series of negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War aimed at limiting the nuclear weapons capabilities of both superpowers. The treaties were part of a broader strategy to reduce tensions and avoid direct military confrontation, particularly in the context of the arms race. Placed limits on the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and limited the use of anti ballistic missile systems (anti ballistic missile treaty & Interim Agreement on Offensive Arms)
SALT treaties
