Unit 4 Study Guide

Question 1

What is white matter and grey matter made of in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Answer 1

White matter is made up of mostly myelinated axons. Gray matter is made of neuronal cell bodies.

Question 2

What are the horns made of and what are the columns made of in the spinal cord?

Answer 2

Horns - Gray Matter
Columns - White Matter

Question 3

What signals are sent or received in the dorsal and ventral roots of a spinal nerve?

Answer 3

Nerve signals from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord

Question 4

What are health providers assessing when they test dermatomes and what are they assessing when testing myotomes?

Answer 4

Dermatomes - assess sensory function
Myotomes - assess motor function

Question 5

What are the 4 major plexuses and what area of the body do they innervate?

Answer 5

Cervical plexus - innervates anterior neck muscles, skin of the neck, and portions of the head and shoulders

Brachial plexus - innervates the pectoral girdle and the entire limb of one side

Lumbar plexus - innervates the inferior abdominal wall, anterior thigh, medial though, and skin of the medial leg.

Sacral plexus - innervates gluteal region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, and almost all of the leg and foot

Question 6

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 6

Spinal nerve roots within the vertebral canal inferior to the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord

Question 7

What are the 4 somatic reflexes and their characteristics?

Answer 7

Stretch Reflex - prevents muscles from stretching excessively

Tendon Reflex - a contraction force detected by the Golgi tendon organ results in the relaxation of that muscle

Withdrawal Reflex - involves muscles contracting to withdraw the body part away from a painful stimulus

Crossed-Extensor Reflex - helps the body maintain its balance when it has been disrupted

Question 8

Compare and contrast monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes.

Answer 8

Monosynaptic - one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons, no interneuron, simplest, fastest

Polysynaptic - many synapses between afferent and efferent neurons, interneurons between neurons, complicated, slower

Question 9

What are the steps in the reflex arc?

Answer 9

Stimulus detected by receptor

The sensory neuron sends an afferent signal

Integration by interneuron (CNS)

The motor neuron sends an efferent signal

Effector responds (skeletal muscle)

Question 10

What are the causes of sciatic nerve pain?

Answer 10

Sciatica - a herniated intervertebral disc may pinch on the nerve branches that form the sciatic nerve

Question 11

What effect do the adrenal medulla secretions have on the sympathetic response?

Answer 11

Lengthens out the time of sympathetic response by secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream

Question 12

What are adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and what binds to each?

Answer 12

Adrenergic receptors - a receptor that binds to norepinephrine
Cholinergic receptors - a receptor that binds to acetylcholine

Question 13

Know the physiological effects of a sympathetic and parasympathetic response.

Answer 13

Parasympathetic - “rest and repair”
decrease in: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and blood flow to skeletal muscles; increase in: urinary function and digestive function

Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
increase in: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and blood flow to skeletal muscles; decrease in: urinary function and digestive function

Question 14

Where do the preganglionic neurons originate for the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 14

Sympathetic - Lateral horn T1 - L2
Parasympathetic - Brainstem & Sacrum

Question 15

What are the 5 types of taste receptors we have?

Answer 15

Bitter, Sweet, Sour, Salty, Umami

Question 16

What and where are the optic disc, macula lutea, and fovea centralis?

Answer 16

Optic disc - blind spot due to no photoreceptors

Macula lutea - Small location lateral to the optic disc and contains mainly cones

Fovea Centralis - Contains only cones and provides detailed, precision vision

Question 17

What are the structures and sense organs for dynamic (rotation) movement and static (linear) movement?

Answer 17

Dynamic movement - 3 semicircular canals (ampulla)

Static movement - vestibule (utricle and succule)

Question 18

What does the malleus attach to?

Answer 18

Tympanic membrane

Question 19

What role does the Eustachian tube (auditory tube) play in otitis media?

Answer 19

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. It is most often experienced by young children, whose auditory tubes are horizontal, relatively short, and underdeveloped.

Question 20

Know which cranial nerves are involved in each special sense.

Answer 20

Sight - Optic (II); Trigeminal (V); Oculomotor (III); Trochlear (IV); Abducens (VI)

Smell - Olfactory (I)

Taste - Facial (VII); Glossopharyngeal (IX); Vagus (X)

Hearing & Equilibrium - Vestibulocochlear (VII)

Question 21

What do the different types of receptors detect (Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
nociceptors)?

Answer 21

Chemoreceptors - Detect chemicals dissolved in a fluid

Thermoreceptors - Detect changes in temperature

Photoreceptors - Detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement

Mechanoreceptors - Detect physical deformation of the plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Nociceptors - Detect painful stimuli

Question 22

What are presbyopia, hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism?

Answer 22

Presbyopia - farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age

Myopia - visual images come to a focus before the retina of the eye

Astigmatism - an imperfection in the curvature of the eye’s cornea

Question 23

What makes aqueous humor?

Answer 23

The ciliary body

Question 24

The spinal cord begins when it exits the ____ and ends at the ____ lumbar region

Answer 24

foramen magnum

L1

Question 25

White matter in the central nervous system (CNS) consists of ____ and gray matter is ____

Answer 25

Myelinated Axons Neuron Cell Bodies

Question 26

Spinal nerves are ____ nerves, meaning they contain both ____ and ____ fibers.

Answer 26

Mixed Motor Sensory

Question 27

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is entirely ____ and the ventral root is entirely ____

Answer 27

Sensory Motor

Question 28

The ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord carries ____ signals and the dorsal (posterior) horn receives ____ signals.

Answer 28

Efferent Afferent

Question 29

All ____ of spinal nerves contain thousands of individual nerve fibers (axons) carrying information ____ and ____ the spinal cord.

Answer 29

31 pairs To From

Question 30

Dermatomes are used by health providers to assess ____ function

Answer 30

Sensory

Question 31

The ____ plexus provides innervation primarily to the upper extremity

Answer 31

Brachial

Question 32

The sciatic nerve originates from the ____ plexus

Answer 32

Sacral

Question 33

____ is arranged in columns and tracts in the spinal cord

Answer 33

White Matter

Question 34

The phrenic nerve is found in the ____ plexus

Answer 34

Cervical

Question 35

The ____ reflex will stabilize the right leg to allow the left leg to be lifted rapidly.

Answer 35

Crossed Extensor

Question 36

The effector of somatic reflexes is /are ____

Answer 36

Skeletal muscles

Question 37

The ____ has the shortest delay between stimulus & response

Answer 37

Monosynaptic response

Question 38

There are ____ pairs of cervical spinal nerves, ____ pairs of thoracic nerves, and ____ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves

Answer 38

8 12 5

Question 39

The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves originate from a structure called the ____

Answer 39

Cauda Equina

Question 40

Arrange in order the steps to a reflex arc

Answer 40

Receptor Sensory neuron Integration (Interneuron) Motor neuron Effector

Question 41

An ____ does not puncture the meninges

Answer 41

epidural

Question 42

The ____ plexus gives rise to the tibial and common fibular nerve.

Answer 42

Sacral

Question 43

The ____ plexus gives rise to the medial nerve

Answer 43

Brachial

Question 44

The effector of an autonomic (visceral) reflex is ____, ____, or ____.

Answer 44

Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Gland

Question 45

Myotomes are used by health providers to assess ____ function

Answer 45

motor

Question 46

Spinal cord ____ signals carry sensory information to the brain.

Answer 46

ascending

Question 47

Spinal cord ____ signals carry motor information from the brain.

Answer 47

descending

Question 48

Nerve plexuses are a network of interweaving of ____ rami of spinal nerves that provide overlapping innervation.

Answer 48

Ventral (Anterior)

Question 49

The ____ lengthens out the time of the sympathetic response by secreting epinephrine into the bloodstream

Answer 49

Adrenal medulla

Question 50

A receptor that binds norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

Answer 50

Adrenergic

Question 51

The ____ is the command center for the autonomic nervous system

Answer 51

Hypothalamus

Question 52

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the ____

Answer 52

Lateral horns of T1-L2

Question 53

The ____ ganglia are found alongside the vertebral column.

Answer 53

Sympathetic chain

Question 54

The effectors of an autonomic reflex are ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 54

Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands

Question 55

In the somatic motor pathway, there is ____ lower motor neuron and in the autonomic motor pathway, there are ____ lower motor neurons.

Answer 55

One Two

Question 56

A ____ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

Answer 56

Ganglion

Question 57

A parasympathetic response would ____ heart rate.

Answer 57

Decrease

Question 58

A sympathetic response would ____ digestive functions.

Answer 58

decrease

Question 59

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the gray matter of the ____ and ____.

Answer 59

Brainstem Sacrum

Question 60

The ____ organ has direct preganglionic sympathetic innervation to it.

Answer 60

Adrenal medulla

Question 61

The special sense of ____ can bypass the thalamus.

Answer 61

Smell

Question 62

List the 5 primary tastes:

Answer 62

Bitter Salty Sweet Sour Umami

Question 63

The physiologic blind spot is located in the ____

Answer 63

Optic disc

Question 64

The ____ is the organ that detects rotational motion.

Answer 64

Semicircular canal

Question 65

The ____ attaches directly to the tympanic membrane

Answer 65

Malleus

Question 66

The ____ attaches directly to the oval window.

Answer 66

Stapes

Question 67

Sensory hair cells of the ____ bulb bind molecules within the nose

Answer 67

Olfactory

Question 68

Which cranial nerve(s) is responsible for the sensory function of hearing?

Answer 68

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

Question 69

Which cranial nerve(s) is responsible for the sensory function of gestation?

Answer 69

Cranial Nerves: 7 9 10

Question 70

Which cranial nerve(s) is responsible for the sensory function of equilibrium?

Answer 70

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

Question 71

The ____ organ is involved in out special sense of hearing

Answer 71

Spiral

Question 72

____ photoreceptors are activated by high-intensity light

Answer 72

Cone

Question 73

____ photoreceptors are used in low-intensity light.

Answer 73

Rod

Question 74

The ____ produces aqueous humor.

Answer 74

Ciliary body

Question 75

____ is farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle an old age.

Answer 75

Presbyopia

Question 76

____ is when the visual images come to a focus behind the retina of the eye.

Answer 76

Hyperopia

Question 77

____ is when visual images come to a focus before the retina of the eye.

Answer 77

Myopia

Question 78

____ is an imperfection in the curvature of the eye's cornea

Answer 78

Astigmatism

Question 79

In the spinal cord, the anterior (ventral) horn carries ____ neurons

Answer 79

Efferent

Question 80

The posterior (dorsal) horn carries ____ neurons.

Answer 80

Afferent

Question 81

White matter is made up of mostly ____ axons.

Answer 81

Myelinated

Question 82

Gray matter is made up of ____ bodies.

Answer 82

Neuronal cell

Question 83

The cauda equina is located in which region of the spinal column?

Answer 83

Lumbar

Question 84

White matter ascending tracts transmit ____ signals.

Answer 84

Sensory

Question 85

White matter descending tracts transmit ____ signals.

Answer 85

Motor

Question 86

Which structure in the spinal cord are arranged in columns?

Answer 86

White Matter

Question 87

What lumbar level does the spinal cord end?

Answer 87

L1

Question 88

The spinal cord narrows down at the inferior end into a structure called the ____

Answer 88

Conus medullaris

Question 89

What layer of the meninges does an epidural puncture?

Answer 89

None

Question 90

What are health providers assessing when they test dermatomes?

Answer 90

Sensory function

Question 91

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the ____.

Answer 91

Dorsal root

Question 92

Motor signals leave the spinal cord through the ____.

Answer 92

Ventral root

Question 93

White matter is arranged in ____

Answer 93

Columns

Question 94

Gray matter is arranged in ____

Answer 94

Horns

Question 95

In the spinal cord, the anterior (ventral) horn carries ____ neurons.

Answer 95

Efferent

Question 96

The posterior (dorsal) horn carries ____ neurons.

Answer 96

Afferent

Question 97

White matter is made up of mostly ____ axons.

Answer 97

Myelinated

Question 98

Gray matter is made up of ____ bodies.

Answer 98

Neuronal cell

Question 99

The cauda equina is located in which region of the spinal column?

Answer 99

Lumbar

Question 100

Name the 4 major nerve plexuses.

Answer 100

Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral

Question 101

What is the largest nerve from the sacral plexus?

Answer 101

Sciatic nerve

Question 102

What are health providers assessing when they test dermatomes?

Answer 102

Sensory function

Question 103

Which plexus supplies innervation to the upper extremity?

Answer 103

Brachial plexus

Question 104

What structure do the spinal nerve roots for the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves originate?

Answer 104

Cauda equina

Question 105

Parasympathetic fibers originate in the gray matter of the ____ and ____.

Answer 105

Brainstem Sacrum

Question 106

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia found?

Answer 106

Near the organ effector

Question 107

A receptor that binds norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

Answer 107

Adrenergic

Question 108

A receptor that binds acetylcholine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

Answer 108

Cholinergic

Question 109

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from?

Answer 109

Lateral horns of T1-L2

Question 110

Where are the sympathetic chain ganglia found?

Answer 110

Alongside the vertebral column

Question 111

Which organ has direct preganglionic sympathetic innervation to it?

Answer 111

Adrenal Medulla

Question 112

Which of the following would be an autonomic effector? Biceps brachii Smooth muscle Heart Small intestines Pectoralis major

Answer 112

Smooth muscle Heart Small intestines

Question 113

A receptor that binds to norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

Answer 113

Adrenergic

Question 114

A receptor that binds to acetylcholine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

Answer 114

Cholinergic

Question 115

The ____ lengthens out the time of the sympathetic response by secreting the epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

Answer 115

Adrenal medulla

Question 116

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?

Answer 116

Cranial Nerves: 7 9 10

Question 117

Which cranial nerve is involved with the sense of smell?

Answer 117

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

Question 118

What type of receptors are stimulated in olfaction and gustation?

Answer 118

Chemoreceptors

Question 119

Astigmatism causes blurred vision due to an irregular shape of the ___.

Answer 119

Cornea

Question 120

Name each vision abnormality: - Focused in front of the retina - Focused behind or beyond the retina - Focused unevenly on the retina - Lens loses its flexibility, which affects the lens' ability to change shape

Answer 120

Myopia - Focused in front of the retina Hyperopia - Focused behind or beyond the retina Astigmatism - Focused unevenly on the retina Presbyopia - Lens loses its flexibility, which affects the lens' ability to change shape

Question 121

Which structure produces aqueous humor for the anterior eye?

Answer 121

Ciliary body (process)

Question 122

Which part of the retina is the physiologic blind spot located?

Answer 122

The optic disc

Question 123

What nerve sends sound perception to the brain?

Answer 123

Cochlear (branch of CN VIII)

Question 124

What section of the ear are the ear ossicles located?

Answer 124

Middle ear

Question 125

What ear ossicle directly contacts the tympanic membrane?

Answer 125

Malleus

Question 126

Which ear ossicle directly contacts the oval window?

Answer 126

Stapes

Question 127

The ____ is involved in our special sense of hearing.

Answer 127

Spiral organ

Question 128

Blockage or poor drainage through which structure can cause otitis media?

Answer 128

Eustachian tube (Auditory tube, phrayngotympanic tube)

Question 129

Identify which motion each structure is responsible for: - Semicircular canals - Utricle - Saccule

Answer 129

Semicircular canals - rotation movements Utricle - horizontal movements Saccule - vertical movements

Question 130

Utricle and saccule depend on the movement of ____ to stimulate hair cells.

Answer 130

Otolithic membrane

Question 131

Sensory hair cells of the olfactory bulb bind ____ within the nose.

Answer 131

Chemicals

Question 132

True or false? Olfaction nerve signals bypass the thalamus.

Answer 132

True