Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is white matter and grey matter made of in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

White matter is made up of mostly myelinated axons. Gray matter is made of neuronal cell bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the horns made of and what are the columns made of in the spinal cord?

A

Horns - Gray Matter
Columns - White Matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What signals are sent or received in the dorsal and ventral roots of a spinal nerve?

A

Nerve signals from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are health providers assessing when they test dermatomes and what are they assessing when testing myotomes?

A

Dermatomes - assess sensory function
Myotomes - assess motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 major plexuses and what area of the body do they innervate?

A

Cervical plexus - innervates anterior neck muscles, skin of the neck, and portions of the head and shoulders

Brachial plexus - innervates the pectoral girdle and the entire limb of one side

Lumbar plexus - innervates the inferior abdominal wall, anterior thigh, medial though, and skin of the medial leg.

Sacral plexus - innervates gluteal region, pelvis, perineum, posterior thigh, and almost all of the leg and foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Spinal nerve roots within the vertebral canal inferior to the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 somatic reflexes and their characteristics?

A

Stretch Reflex - prevents muscles from stretching excessively

Tendon Reflex - a contraction force detected by the Golgi tendon organ results in the relaxation of that muscle

Withdrawal Reflex - involves muscles contracting to withdraw the body part away from a painful stimulus

Crossed-Extensor Reflex - helps the body maintain its balance when it has been disrupted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compare and contrast monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes.

A

Monosynaptic - one synapse between afferent and efferent neurons, no interneuron, simplest, fastest

Polysynaptic - many synapses between afferent and efferent neurons, interneurons between neurons, complicated, slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the steps in the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus detected by receptor

The sensory neuron sends an afferent signal

Integration by interneuron (CNS)

The motor neuron sends an efferent signal

Effector responds (skeletal muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of sciatic nerve pain?

A

Sciatica - a herniated intervertebral disc may pinch on the nerve branches that form the sciatic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What effect do the adrenal medulla secretions have on the sympathetic response?

A

Lengthens out the time of sympathetic response by secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are adrenergic and cholinergic receptors and what binds to each?

A

Adrenergic receptors - a receptor that binds to norepinephrine
Cholinergic receptors - a receptor that binds to acetylcholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Know the physiological effects of a sympathetic and parasympathetic response.

A

Parasympathetic - “rest and repair”
decrease in: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and blood flow to skeletal muscles; increase in: urinary function and digestive function

Sympathetic - “fight or flight”
increase in: heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, and blood flow to skeletal muscles; decrease in: urinary function and digestive function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons originate for the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic - Lateral horn T1 - L2
Parasympathetic - Brainstem & Sacrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 types of taste receptors we have?

A

Bitter, Sweet, Sour, Salty, Umami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What and where are the optic disc, macula lutea, and fovea centralis?

A

Optic disc - blind spot due to no photoreceptors

Macula lutea - Small location lateral to the optic disc and contains mainly cones

Fovea Centralis - Contains only cones and provides detailed, precision vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the structures and sense organs for dynamic (rotation) movement and static (linear) movement?

A

Dynamic movement - 3 semicircular canals (ampulla)

Static movement - vestibule (utricle and succule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the malleus attach to?

A

Tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What role does the Eustachian tube (auditory tube) play in otitis media?

A

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear. It is most often experienced by young children, whose auditory tubes are horizontal, relatively short, and underdeveloped.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Know which cranial nerves are involved in each special sense.

A

Sight - Optic (II); Trigeminal (V); Oculomotor (III); Trochlear (IV); Abducens (VI)

Smell - Olfactory (I)

Taste - Facial (VII); Glossopharyngeal (IX); Vagus (X)

Hearing & Equilibrium - Vestibulocochlear (VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do the different types of receptors detect (Chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
nociceptors)?

A

Chemoreceptors - Detect chemicals dissolved in a fluid

Thermoreceptors - Detect changes in temperature

Photoreceptors - Detect changes in light intensity, color, and movement

Mechanoreceptors - Detect physical deformation of the plasma membrane due to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Nociceptors - Detect painful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are presbyopia, hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism?

A

Presbyopia - farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age

Myopia - visual images come to a focus before the retina of the eye

Astigmatism - an imperfection in the curvature of the eye’s cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What makes aqueous humor?

A

The ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The spinal cord begins when it exits the ____ and ends at the ____ lumbar region

A

foramen magnum

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

White matter in the central nervous system (CNS) consists of ____ and gray matter is ____

A

Myelinated Axons

Neuron Cell Bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Spinal nerves are ____ nerves, meaning they contain both ____ and ____ fibers.

A

Mixed

Motor

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The dorsal root of a spinal nerve is entirely ____ and the ventral root is entirely ____

A

Sensory

Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord carries ____ signals and the dorsal (posterior) horn receives ____ signals.

A

Efferent

Afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

All ____ of spinal nerves contain thousands of individual nerve fibers (axons) carrying information ____ and ____ the spinal cord.

A

31 pairs

To

From

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dermatomes are used by health providers to assess ____ function

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The ____ plexus provides innervation primarily to the upper extremity

A

Brachial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The sciatic nerve originates from the ____ plexus

A

Sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____ is arranged in columns and tracts in the spinal cord

A

White Matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The phrenic nerve is found in the ____ plexus

A

Cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The ____ reflex will stabilize the right leg to allow the left leg to be lifted rapidly.

A

Crossed Extensor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The effector of somatic reflexes is /are ____

A

Skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The ____ has the shortest delay between stimulus & response

A

Monosynaptic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

There are ____ pairs of cervical spinal nerves, ____ pairs of thoracic nerves, and ____ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves

A

8

12

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves originate from a structure called the ____

A

Cauda Equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Arrange in order the steps to a reflex arc

A

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Integration (Interneuron)

Motor neuron

Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

An ____ does not puncture the meninges

A

epidural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The ____ plexus gives rise to the tibial and common fibular nerve.

A

Sacral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The ____ plexus gives rise to the medial nerve

A

Brachial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The effector of an autonomic (visceral) reflex is ____, ____, or ____.

A

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Myotomes are used by health providers to assess ____ function

A

motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Spinal cord ____ signals carry sensory information to the brain.

A

ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Spinal cord ____ signals carry motor information from the brain.

A

descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nerve plexuses are a network of interweaving of ____ rami of spinal nerves that provide overlapping innervation.

A

Ventral (Anterior)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The ____ lengthens out the time of the sympathetic response by secreting epinephrine into the bloodstream

A

Adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

A receptor that binds norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

A

Adrenergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The ____ is the command center for the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the ____

A

Lateral horns of T1-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The ____ ganglia are found alongside the vertebral column.

A

Sympathetic chain

54
Q

The effectors of an autonomic reflex are ____, ____, and ____.

A

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Glands

55
Q

In the somatic motor pathway, there is ____ lower motor neuron and in the autonomic motor pathway, there are ____ lower motor neurons.

A

One

Two

56
Q

A ____ is a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

57
Q

A parasympathetic response would ____ heart rate.

A

Decrease

58
Q

A sympathetic response would ____ digestive functions.

A

decrease

59
Q

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in the gray matter of the ____ and ____.

A

Brainstem

Sacrum

60
Q

The ____ organ has direct preganglionic sympathetic innervation to it.

A

Adrenal medulla

61
Q

The special sense of ____ can bypass the thalamus.

A

Smell

62
Q

List the 5 primary tastes:

A

Bitter

Salty

Sweet

Sour

Umami

63
Q

The physiologic blind spot is located in the ____

A

Optic disc

64
Q

The ____ is the organ that detects rotational motion.

A

Semicircular canal

65
Q

The ____ attaches directly to the tympanic membrane

A

Malleus

66
Q

The ____ attaches directly to the oval window.

A

Stapes

67
Q

Sensory hair cells of the ____ bulb bind molecules within the nose

A

Olfactory

68
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) is responsible for the sensory function of hearing?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

69
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) is responsible for the sensory function of gestation?

A

Cranial Nerves:

7

9

10

70
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) is responsible for the sensory function of equilibrium?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

71
Q

The ____ organ is involved in out special sense of hearing

A

Spiral

72
Q

____ photoreceptors are activated by high-intensity light

A

Cone

73
Q

____ photoreceptors are used in low-intensity light.

A

Rod

74
Q

The ____ produces aqueous humor.

A

Ciliary body

75
Q

____ is farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle an old age.

A

Presbyopia

76
Q

____ is when the visual images come to a focus behind the retina of the eye.

A

Hyperopia

77
Q

____ is when visual images come to a focus before the retina of the eye.

A

Myopia

78
Q

____ is an imperfection in the curvature of the eye’s cornea

A

Astigmatism

79
Q

In the spinal cord, the anterior (ventral) horn carries ____ neurons

A

Efferent

80
Q

The posterior (dorsal) horn carries ____ neurons.

A

Afferent

81
Q

White matter is made up of mostly ____ axons.

A

Myelinated

82
Q

Gray matter is made up of ____ bodies.

A

Neuronal cell

83
Q

The cauda equina is located in which region of the spinal column?

A

Lumbar

84
Q

White matter ascending tracts transmit ____ signals.

A

Sensory

85
Q

White matter descending tracts transmit ____ signals.

A

Motor

86
Q

Which structure in the spinal cord are arranged in columns?

A

White Matter

87
Q

What lumbar level does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

88
Q

The spinal cord narrows down at the inferior end into a structure called the ____

A

Conus medullaris

89
Q

What layer of the meninges does an epidural puncture?

A

None

90
Q

What are health providers assessing when they test dermatomes?

A

Sensory function

91
Q

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through the ____.

A

Dorsal root

92
Q

Motor signals leave the spinal cord through the ____.

A

Ventral root

93
Q

White matter is arranged in ____

A

Columns

94
Q

Gray matter is arranged in ____

A

Horns

95
Q

In the spinal cord, the anterior (ventral) horn carries ____ neurons.

A

Efferent

96
Q

The posterior (dorsal) horn carries ____ neurons.

A

Afferent

97
Q

White matter is made up of mostly ____ axons.

A

Myelinated

98
Q

Gray matter is made up of ____ bodies.

A

Neuronal cell

99
Q

The cauda equina is located in which region of the spinal column?

A

Lumbar

100
Q

Name the 4 major nerve plexuses.

A

Cervical

Brachial

Lumbar

Sacral

101
Q

What is the largest nerve from the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve

102
Q

What are health providers assessing when they test dermatomes?

A

Sensory function

103
Q

Which plexus supplies innervation to the upper extremity?

A

Brachial plexus

104
Q

What structure do the spinal nerve roots for the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves originate?

A

Cauda equina

105
Q

Parasympathetic fibers originate in the gray matter of the ____ and ____.

A

Brainstem

Sacrum

106
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

Near the organ effector

107
Q

A receptor that binds norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

A

Adrenergic

108
Q

A receptor that binds acetylcholine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

A

Cholinergic

109
Q

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons originate from?

A

Lateral horns of T1-L2

110
Q

Where are the sympathetic chain ganglia found?

A

Alongside the vertebral column

111
Q

Which organ has direct preganglionic sympathetic innervation to it?

A

Adrenal Medulla

112
Q

Which of the following would be an autonomic effector?

Biceps brachii
Smooth muscle
Heart
Small intestines
Pectoralis major

A

Smooth muscle

Heart

Small intestines

113
Q

A receptor that binds to norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

A

Adrenergic

114
Q

A receptor that binds to acetylcholine is called a(n) ____ receptor.

A

Cholinergic

115
Q

The ____ lengthens out the time of the sympathetic response by secreting the epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

A

Adrenal medulla

116
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste?

A

Cranial Nerves:

7

9

10

117
Q

Which cranial nerve is involved with the sense of smell?

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

118
Q

What type of receptors are stimulated in olfaction and gustation?

A

Chemoreceptors

119
Q

Astigmatism causes blurred vision due to an irregular shape of the ___.

A

Cornea

120
Q

Name each vision abnormality:
- Focused in front of the retina
- Focused behind or beyond the retina
- Focused unevenly on the retina
- Lens loses its flexibility, which affects the lens’ ability to change shape

A

Myopia - Focused in front of the retina

Hyperopia - Focused behind or beyond the retina

Astigmatism - Focused unevenly on the retina

Presbyopia - Lens loses its flexibility, which affects the lens’ ability to change shape

121
Q

Which structure produces aqueous humor for the anterior eye?

A

Ciliary body (process)

122
Q

Which part of the retina is the physiologic blind spot located?

A

The optic disc

123
Q

What nerve sends sound perception to the brain?

A

Cochlear (branch of CN VIII)

124
Q

What section of the ear are the ear ossicles located?

A

Middle ear

125
Q

What ear ossicle directly contacts the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

126
Q

Which ear ossicle directly contacts the oval window?

A

Stapes

127
Q

The ____ is involved in our special sense of hearing.

A

Spiral organ

128
Q

Blockage or poor drainage through which structure can cause otitis media?

A

Eustachian tube (Auditory tube, phrayngotympanic tube)

129
Q

Identify which motion each structure is responsible for:
- Semicircular canals
- Utricle
- Saccule

A

Semicircular canals - rotation movements

Utricle - horizontal movements

Saccule - vertical movements

130
Q

Utricle and saccule depend on the movement of ____ to stimulate hair cells.

A

Otolithic membrane

131
Q

Sensory hair cells of the olfactory bulb bind ____ within the nose.

A

Chemicals

132
Q

True or false?

Olfaction nerve signals bypass the thalamus.

A

True

Human Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions