A+P II - UNIT 2 LECTURE Flashcards
What is the order of blood flow through arteries from largest to smallest?
Elastic
Muscular
Arterioles
Which tunic is thickest in arteries?
Tunica Media
Which tunic layer is thicker in veins?
Tunica Externa
What vessels are involved in gas and nutrient exchange?
Capillaries
Which is the most abundant capillary?
Continuous
What extra structure do veins have that arteries do not?
Valves
What are the functions of valves in veins?
- Prevent backflow
- Channel blood back to the heart
_____ forces fluid out of the capillary wall to the tissues at the arteriole side.
Filtration
_____ pulls fluid back into the venous side of the capillary.
Osmosis
_____ is when substances leave or enter the circulatory system following a concentration gradient.
Diffusion
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in _____.
capillaries
After you take blood pressure on your patient, they ask what the reading of 120/80 means.
- How would you explain what 120 represents?
- How would you explain what 80 represents?
- How would you explain what category their blood pressure of 120/80 fits into?
- It represents the pressure in the brachial artery when the heart’s ventricles contract (systolic blood pressure).
- It represents the pressure in the brachial artery when the heart’s relaxed (diastolic blood pressure).
- 120/80 is normal blood pressure.
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except?
a. Blood viscosity
b. Blood vessel length
c. Osmolarity of interstitial fluids
d. Blood vessel diameter.
c. Osmolarity of interstitial fluids
Smooth muscle in blood vessels is located in the tunica _____.
media
Which of the following acts as blood reservoirs?
a. Arteries
b. Arterioles
c. Capillaris
d. Veins
d. Veins
The order of blood flow through the vessels is:
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
Which blood vessel carries blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
Which statement is true of veins?
a. They always carry non-oxygenated blood.
b. They can be either muscular or elastic.
c. They always carry blood back to the heart.
d. All of the above are true of veins.
c. They always carry blood back to the heart.
What blood vessel is called a resistance vessel?
Arterioles
What blood vessel contains precapillary sphincters?
Metarterioles
TRUE OR FALSE?
Precapillary sphincters are located in venules.
False
TRUE OR FALSE?
Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.
False
TRUE OR FALSE?
Arteries always carry blood away from the heart.
True
Where are the sensors located for the baroreflex feedback loop?
- Aortic arch
- Carotid sinuses
What section of the brainstem is the cardiovascular center located?
Medulla
Identify the branch of the autonomic nervous system:
- Cardioacceleratory signals
- Cardioinhibitory signals
- Vasodilation
- Vasoconstriction
- Carotid sinus baroreceptors
- Aortic arch baroreceptors
Sympathetic - Cardioacceleratory signals
Parasympathetic - Cardioinhibitory signals
Sympathetic - Vasodilation
Sympathetic - Vasoconstriction
Parasympathetic - Carotid sinus baroreceptors
Parasympathetic - Aortic arch baroreceptors
What organ is angiotensin synthesized in?
Liver
What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
Renin
What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
What effect does angiotensin II have on blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction
- resulting in an increased blood pressure
What are the two mechanisms of venous return to the heart?
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
List the tissue layers of blood vessels from exterior to interior:
- Tunica externa
- Tunica media
- Tunica intima/interna
Angiotensin II will cause blood vessels to _____.
vasoconstrict
_____ are sensitive to changes in pressure.
Baroreceptors
_____ are sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the blood.
Chemoreceptors
Veins have _____ that allow for movement in one direction.
valves
The standard location for blood pressure measurement is taken from the _____ artery.
brachial
The second sound you record (bottom reading), when taking blood pressure is the _____ sound indicating relaxation of the _____.
- diastolic
- ventricles
The pulse in the neck is felt near the _____ artery.
carotid
The cardiovascular center is located in the _____.
medulla
_____ is caused by the blood flow generated by the heart as it pumps and the resistance that blood encounters as it moves through the enclosed vessel.
Blood pressure
Systemic veins carry _____ blood, and systemic arteries carry _____ blood.
- deoxygenated
- oxygenated
The _____ is the largest artery in the body.
aorta
The _____ synthesizes angiotensinogen.
liver
Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out at the _____ side of the capillary. This process is called _____.
- arteriole
- filtration
_____ carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
_____ carry blood towards the heart.
Veins
Colloid osmotic pressure refers to the pull of water back into the circulatory system at the _____ side of the capillary.
venule
A _____ capillary is the most abundant capillary in the body.
continuous
_____ capillaries allow for large plasma proteins to pass through.
Sinusoid
The patient’s blood pressure is 120/80.
- The first sound recorded is 120 which represents ventricular _____.
- The second sound recorded is 80 which represents ventricular _____.
- systole
- diastole
Angiotensinogen is synthesized in the _____.
liver
Renin is secreted from the _____.
kidney
Renin will convert _____ to _____.
- angiotensinogen
- angiotensin I
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is made in the _____.
lungs
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) will convert _____ to _____.
- angiotensin I
- angiotensin II
Baroreceptors from the aortic arch and carotid sinuses will send an afferent signal to the _____.
cardiovascular center
List the four arteries that come together to form the Circle of Willis:
- Right Internal carotid artery
- Left Internal carotid artery
- Right Vertebral artery
- Left Vertebral artery
The Circle of Willis provides _____ between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against _____in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas.
- anastomosis
- ischemia
An increase in peripheral resistance will _____ blood pressure.
increase
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the _____.
thoracic duct
Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the _____.
subclavian veins
Which fluid would have a higher percentage of proteins?
Plasma or Lymph
Plasma
Which fluid would have a higher percentage of fat?
Plasma or Lymph
Lymph
Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the _____.
small intestine
Which of the following is not a lymph organ?
a. Thymus
b. Spleen
c. Small intestines
d. Tonsils
c. Small intestines
Lymph flow in the body is the result of contracting _____.
skeletal muscles
What substance is found in plasma and not found in lymph or interstitial fluid?
Plasma Proteins
List the 3 functions of the lymphatic system:
- Fluid recovery
- Immunity
- Lipid absorption
Where does lymph re-enter the circulatory system?
Subclavian veins
Lymph enters a node through ________ vessels.
afferent
Lymph exits a node via ___________ vessel.
efferent
What cluster of lymph nodes does breast tissue drain to?
Axillary
_____ of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the axillary region.
85%
Lymph nodes filter ________.
lymph
What are the 4 functions of the spleen listed?
- Filters blood
- Red blood cell graveyard
- Blood reservoir
- Hematopoiesis (first 5 months)
What abdominal region is the spleen located?
Left hypochondriac region
Identify the tonsils:
Located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity.
Pharyngeal tonsils
Identify the tonsils:
On the lateral walls of the posterior oral cavity.
Palatine tonsils
Identify the tonsils:
There are many, concentrated on each side of the tongue root.
Lingual tonsils
Peyer patches are isolated nodules of lymph tissue in the _______________.
intestinal wall
MALT is an abbreviation for:
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Predict what would happen if we had no system of lymphatic vessels, and tissue fluid was moved directly back into the circulatory system throughout the body.
- The tissue fluid would not be filtered by lymph nodes, and foreign materials and microorganisms would be continuously introduced into the blood and spread throughout the body.
- Some mechanism would be necessary to pick up digested fats from the small intestine because there would be no lacteals to accomplish this task.
Why doesn’t lymph clot?
Lymph has no platelets and no clotting proteins. This prevents activation of the clotting pathways.
If a patient’s hand is badly infected, why might it be a good idea to immobilize the hand and arm?
- One element of the lymphatic pump is skeletal muscle contraction. Movement of the badly infected limb would result in greater movement of lymph from the infected area, carrying large numbers of the pathogen with it.
- Immobilizing the hand and arm reduces the possibility of introducing the microorganisms into the general circulation.
What would happen if there were no lymph nodes associated with the lymphatic system?
Lymph fluid would be returned directly to the circulatory system. Without the filtering effect of the lymph nodes, microorganisms and other potentially harmful materials would be moved into the blood, greatly increasing the likelihood of systemic infections or damage throughout the body.
Why is it advantageous to have multiple afferent lymphatic vessels entering a lymph node, but only a single efferent lymphatic vessel leaving it?
This arrangement slows the flow of lymph through a lymph node, allowing more time for microorganisms to come in contact with lymphocytes inside the lymph node.
What important function is associated with the location of the palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils?
The tonsils are masses of lymphoid tissue in the mouth and throat. Because both the nasal and oral cavities open into this area, the lymphoid tissue helps to intercept and rid the body of microorganisms or foreign materials that were inhaled or ingested.
What is it called when a macrophage consumes bacteria?
Phagocytosis
What is the most numerous type of phagocyte?
Neutrophils
What are the four characteristics of inflammation?
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
What substance would you find in a patient’s blood sample that would indicate a fever?*
Pyrogens
Interferon inhibits the spread of ___________.
viruses
What would you say if you were explaining the innate immune response to a friend who doesn’t understand it?
The innate immune response involves physical defenses, antimicrobial substances, fever, inflammation, and phagocytes that consume pathogens.
The body’s first lines of defense are the:
a. Skin
b. Mucous membranes
c. Inflammatory response
d. Both A and B are correct
d. Both A and B are correct
What would you say if you were asked to explain why inflammation is such an important part of the innate immune response?
The inflammatory reaction brings white blood cells to the site of injury, allowing them to destroy pathogens and remove them and debris from the site.
All nucleated cells have the ________ molecules and antigen-presenting cells are the only cells to have the _________ molecules.
- MHC I
- MHC II
Which lymphocyte attacks and kills enemy cells directly?
Cytotoxic T-Cells
Which immune cell is targeted by HIV?
T-helper cells
What is needed to activate a Helper T cell (CD4)?
Professional antigen presenting cell (MHC II and epitope)
What is needed to activate a Cytotoxic T cell (CD8)?
Antigen presenting cells (MHC I and epitope)
Which T cell coordinates the immune response?
Helper T cells (CD4)
B cell mechanisms are classified as ___________ immunity.
humoral
T cell mechanisms are classified as ___________ immunity.
cellular
When does a memory B cell become a plasma cell?
When exposed to an antigen
Which lymphocytes are activated to produce plasma cells during an infection?
B-cells
Which of the following are lymphocytes?
- Neutrophil
- T-cells
- Basophil
- B-cells
- Eosinophils
- Monocyte
- T-cells
- B-cells
The primary function of the immune system is _____ the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
defending
List the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation:
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
Blood draws can detect high levels of _____ that can cause fever.
pyrogens
Antigen-presenting cells:
- Process _____
- Bind _____ to MHC II proteins on the outside of the cell
- Activate _____ cells
- antigens
- antigens
- helper-T
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) selectively infects _____ cells.
helper-T
The most numerous type of phagocyte is the _____.
neutrophil
_____ is the ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles.
Phagocytosis
The phagocyte will display the foreign _____ on the MHC molecule.
antigen
Phagocytes are an example of a _____ defense.
nonspecific
Interferon inhibits the spread of _____.
viruses
The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then _____ destroy it.
lysosomal enzymes
B cell mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity.
antibody-mediated
Memory B cells become _____ when exposed to an antigen.
plasma cells
Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called _____ and _____.
- T cells
- B cells
_____ drugs reduce the immune system’s ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.
Immune suppression
All nucleated cells in the body have the _____ molecules on their cell surface.
MHC I
Only antigen-presenting cells have the _____ molecules on their cell surface.
MHC II
A mother passing on IgA antibodies through her breast milk is an example of _____ immunity.
passive
A vaccination is an example of _____ active humoral immunity.
artificially acquired
A macrophage would be part of the body’s _____ line of defense.
second
The skin would be part of the body’s _____ line of defense.
first
Lymphocytes would be part of the body’s _____ line of defense.
third
Humoral immunity consists of _____.
B-cells
Cellular immunity consists of _____.
T-cells
When activated, _____ differentiate into _____ that produce antibodies.
- B cells
- plasma cells
The first and second line of defense would be part of the _____ immunity.
innate
The third line of defense would be part of the _____ immunity.
adaptive
_____ immunity is nonspecific.
Innate
_____ immunity is specific for specific pathogens.
Adaptive
The only lymphocyte to directly attach another cell is the _____.
cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cells express the surface glycoprotein _____.
CD8+
Helper T cells express the surface glycoprotein _____.
CD4+
List the three phases of a fever:
- Onset
- Stadium
- Defervescence
_____ class of antibodies make up 80% of circulating antibodies.
IgG
