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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Unit 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of anatomy?

A

The study of the body’s structures.

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2
Q

What is the study of physiology?

A

The study of how organisms function.

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3
Q

What organ(s) are located in the plural cavities?

A

The lungs.

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4
Q

What organ(s) are located in the mediastinum cavity?

A

The heart.

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5
Q

Know the 11 organ systems.

A
  1. Integumentary system
  2. Skeletal system
  3. Muscular system
  4. Nervous system
  5. Endocrine system
  6. Cardiovascular system
  7. Lymphatic system
  8. Respiratory system
  9. Urinary system
  10. Digestive system
  11. Male/Female Reproductive System
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6
Q

What is the definition of negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms? Know examples covered in class.

A
  • Negative feedback is a control mechanism that keeps a variable within normal levels. (Temperature Regulation; Heart Rate Regulation, Blood Pressure Regulation; Breathing Rate Regulation)
  • Positive feedback is a control mechanism that increases the original change in a variable. (Breastfeeding; Blood Clotting; Labor/Childbirth)
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7
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions.

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8
Q

What are the anatomical, prone, and supine positions?

A
  • Anatomical is standing upright with hands facing forward.
  • Prone is lying flat on the stomach with hands facing backward.
  • Supine is lying flat on the back with hands facing backward.
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9
Q

What are the charges of the subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons?

A
  • Protons – positive
  • Neutrons – none
  • Electrons – negative
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10
Q

Know the functions of the 4 biochemicals:

A

a. Carbohydrates – energy source, regulate blood glucose, and regulate insulin metabolism.
b. Proteins – Catalyze chemical reactions, structural support, body movement, transport in the blood, membrane transport, and protection.
c. Lipids – stored energy, components of cellular membranes, and hormones.
d. Nucleic acids – store and transfer genetic, or hereditary, information.

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10
Q

What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

A
  • Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which water is formed during the formation of a complex molecule.
  • Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a complex molecule.
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11
Q

What ion do cells use ATP to “pump” into the cell to create a membrane potential?

A

K+ (Potassium)

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12
Q

What is considered basic, acidic, and neutral on the pH scale?

A
  • 14-7.1 is basic
  • 7 is neutral
  • 6.9-0 is acidic
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13
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.

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14
Q

What is diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Diffusion is the movement of molecules or particles down their concentration gradient.
  • Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport process using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane.
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15
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • A method of a protein pump transporting a substance across a membrane, against its concentration gradient.
16
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Physical Protection
  • Selective Permeability
  • Secretions
  • Sensations
17
Q

Which tissues are avascular?

A
  • Epithelial tissues
  • Cartilage tissues
18
Q

What cells make collagen in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

19
Q

Know the location of the following connective tissues:
a. Dense irregular connective tissue
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic tissue
d. Dense regular connective tissue
e. Fluid connective tissue
f. Loose areolar

A

a. (DERMIS)
b. (INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS)
c. (WALLS OF ELASTIC ARERIES; TRACHEA; VOCAL CORDS)
d. (TENDONS & LIGAMENTS)
e. (BLOOD & LYMPH)
f. (PAPILLARY LAYER OF DERMIS & HYPODERMIS)

20
Q

Know the primary locations of the following epithelial tissues:
a. Transitional epithelium
b. Simple squamous
c. Simple columnar
d. Simple cuboidal
e. Stratified squamous
f. Pseudostratified columnar

A

a. (LINING OF URINARY BLADDER & URETHRA)
b. (ALEVOLI)
c. (LINING OF GI TRACT)
d. (LINING OF KIDNEY TUBULES)
e. (EPIDERMIS; LINING OF HIGH-FRICTION AREAS)
f. (LINING OF RESPIRATORY TRACT)

21
Q

What are the key differences between epithelial and connective tissues?

A
  • Epithelial: Groups of cells covering exterior surfaces of the body.
  • Connective: Binds the cells and organs of the body together.
22
Q

Know how the following glands secrete:
a. Merocrine
b. Apocrine
c. Holocrine
d. Endocrine

A

a. (Release the secretions by exocytosis)
b. (Secretes products when a cell’s apical portion pinches off into the lumen of the gland)
c. (Secrete products by the rupture of the plasma membrane)
d. (secrete hormones into the bloodstream)

23
Q

What are the 4 stages of wound healing?

A
  • Hemostasis
  • Inflammation
  • Proliferation
  • Remodeling
24
Q

What are the lines of cleavage?

A

Tension lines in the skin that identify the predominant orientation of collagen fiber bundles.

25
Q

What cells do you find in the epidermis?

A
  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Tactile Cells
26
Q

Know the 5 cutaneous glands, locations, and secretions.

A
  • Merocrine sweat glands (All over the body) (Secretes water, electrolytes, drugs, and chemicals)
  • Apocrine sweat glands (Pubic region) (secretes proteins and lipids)
  • Sebaceous glands (Dermis beside a hair follicle) (Secretes sebum)
  • Ceruminous glands (Ear canal) (Secretes cerumen)
  • Mammary glands (Breasts) (Secretes breast milk)
27
Q

What causes skin cells to produce vitamin D?

A

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

28
Q

Know the general characteristics of the 3 skin cancers.

A
  • Basal cell carcinoma (small, white/pink, shiny, small blood vessels running along it)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (skin is raised, reddened, scaly, form concave ulcers)
  • Malignant melanoma (Asymmetry, bordered, colored, large area, evolving)
29
Q

What causes fingerprints?

A

The dermal papillae.

30
Q

Know the layers of the epidermis and what cells are found in each layer.

A
  • Stratum Corneum
  • Stratum Lucidum
  • Stratum Granulosum
  • Stratum Spinosum
  • Stratum Basale
31
Q

Know where you would find the protein keratin in the integumentary system.

A

The epidermis, hair, and nails.

32
Q

Know the differences between the different degrees of burns.

A
  • First – burns the epidermis
  • Second – burns the epidermis and dermis
  • Third – burns the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

Human Anatomy & Physiology (1 decks)

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