A+P II - UNIT 3 LECTURE Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Air passage
- Gas exchange
- Sense of smell
- Communication
- Acid–base balance (pH)
- Expulsion of abdominal contents
What effect does cigarette smoking have on respiratory cilia?
It will paralyze them, damage them, and then they will disappear.
List the 5 regions of the upper respiratory tract starting with the entry point.
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
List the 3 structures of the lower respiratory system.
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Lungs
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the _____.
epiglottis
Surfactant helps reduce ________________ within the alveoli, thus preventing each alveolus from ______________ as air moves in and out during respiration.
- surface tension
- collapsing
Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?
alveoli
What would happen if the trachea were composed of complete cartilage rings, rather than C-shaped cartilage rings?
- If the trachea had complete cartilage rings, passage of food through the esophagus would be more difficult. Each bolus of food swallowed would in effect bounce over the cartilage.
- The trachea has smooth muscle on the posterior side of the C-shaped cartilage rings. This smooth muscle is in contact posteriorly with the esophagus. Because the smooth muscle of the trachea is distensible, it allows passage of large masses of food during the swallowing process.
Why do foreign objects that fall into the trachea usually enter the right bronchus?
The left lung is displaced laterally by the heart. This makes the right primary bronchus larger and much more vertical. Objects falling into the trachea most frequently end up in the right bronchus.
The lungs form embryonically as outpouchings form the digestive tract. Explain how the location of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus illustrate their origin.
The larynx and esophagus are both continuations of the pharynx. If you think of the pharynx and esophagus as being directly connected, it is easy to picture the larynx, trachea, and lungs as being an anterior extension of the digestive tract.
What are the benefits of having a long passageway entering the lungs?
The long passageway consisting of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi allows the environmental air to be modified before it reaches the alveoli. This helps to ensure that the air is warmed, filtered, and moistened before reaching the respiratory membrane. The nasal cavity and long respiratory tree also help prevent water loss, which would be greatly increased if the passageway were relatively short.
What are the benefits of having the lungs inside the rib cage?
The ribcage is important in respiration and also has an important protective function. The lungs and heart are protected form external damage by this arrangement. The presence of the lungs deep within the body helps to prevent water loss. having the lungs in close proximity to the heart decreases the length of blood vessels required to move blood to the lungs for oxygenation and return blood to the heart.
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
a. Assists with homeostasis of body pH
b. Distributes oxygen to cells
c. Filters air
d. Warms air
b. Distributes oxygen to cells
The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the:
septum
The more common name for the pharynx is the:
throat
The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called:
conchae
Which of these structures is not part of the lower respiratory tract?
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Lungs
d. All of the above are part of the lower respiratory tract.
a. Larynx
The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the:
thyroid cartilage
The cribriform plate is part of the:
ethmoid bone
The more correct name for a sore throat is:
pharyngitis
Gas exchange occurs across the:
respiratory membrane
TRUE OR FALSE?
The pulmonary arteries bring oxygenated blood to nourish the lungs and bronchioles.
False
3-5 bronchial arteries supply blood to the lungs from the systemic circuit.
The function of pulmonary ventilation is the:
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
If the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the volume of the lungs?
Volume decreases
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _________ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater
In what area of the brain are the respiratory centers located?
Medulla
The most important chemical regulator of respiration under normal conditions is?
Carbon Dioxide
What would happen if the medulla respiratory group of neurons were destroyed?
A person would stop breathing.
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the_____________.
tidal volume
The amount drawn into the lungs beyond a normal quiet inspiration is _____.
inspiratory reserve volume
The amount expelled beyond normal quiet expiration is _____.
expiratory reserve volume
The maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest possible inspiration is _____.
vital capacity
(TV + IRV + ERV)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide will move ________ their pressure gradient.
down
Increasing ______ and decreasing the ______ will accelerate the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin.
- PCO2
- PO2
What 3 factors influence gas exchange at the alveoli?
- Pressure gradient
- Membrane thickness
- Membrane surface area
How is the majority of oxygen transported in blood?
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (Oxyhemoglobin)
How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported
in the blood?
Bound to bicarbonate ions
The release of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP/ANH) from the heart will cause the body to:
Decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions
Which mechanism does the kidney use to raise systemic blood pressure?
increase secretion of renin by the juxta glomerular complex
_____ plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
_____ increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone:
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
What are three factors that stimulate the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
- Decreased blood pressure
- Decreased sodium (Na) concentration
- Increased potassium (K) concentration
When aldosterone is released, secretion of _____ occurs.
potassium (K)
Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced?
ANH (ANP)
Which hormones tend to decrease the amount of urine produced?
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
As the amount of sodium (Na) reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule increases, the amount of _____ increases.
potassium (K) ions secreted
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are ___________________.
peritubular capillaries
Capillaries that surround the loop of Henle (nephron loop) are ___________________.
vasa recta capillaries
_____ is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine.
Urea
TRUE OR FALSE
The kidneys are contained in the paritoneal cavity.
False (Retroperitoneal)
A _____________ is a “knot” of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
glomerulus
Blood enters the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _________________.
afferent arteriole
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _________________.
efferent arteriole
What is the most abundant metabolic waste excreted in urine?
Urea
What is urea a byproduct of?
Protein catabolism
What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells ( J-G cells, granular cells )
What are the names of the cells that make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)?
Podocytes
What three structures make up the filtration membrane?
- Endotheial cells of glomerulus
- Basement membrane
- Foot processes (Pedicels) of podocytes
The process of filtration is driven by:
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Under normal conditions, why don’t plasma proteins and RBCs filter out at the filtration membrane?
Too large to fit through the pores of the filtration membrane.
Which mechanism does the kidney use to raise systemic blood pressure?
Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
Match the effect of the following hormones:
ADH
Aldosterone
ANH
Na+ and H2O excretion
Reabsorb Na+
Reabsorb H2O
ADH - Reabsorbs H2O
Aldosterone - Reabsorbs Na+
ANH - Na+ and H2O excretion
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Filtration of plasma
What is the function of the renal tubules (PCT)?
Reabsorption and secretion to form urine
What hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
Aldosterone
What hormone will cause a decrease in ECF and excrete sodium ions?
Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP/ANH)
What hormone increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Reabsorption, as performed in the kidney, may be defined as the:
movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood.
Under normal conditions, most nutrients are reabsorbed in which portion of the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
The portion of the nephron tubule that is essentially always impermeable to water is the:
ascending nephron loop
If a person becomes dehydrated, which hormone would you expect to find in high concentration in the blood?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves:
- the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis.
- a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts.
- an increase in facultative water reabsorption.
Where does filtration take place?
Renal corpuscles
Where does reabsorption/secretion take place?
Renal tubules
Where does the majority of reabsorption take place?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Substances travel from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule by the process of:
filtration
Which of the following is not a part of the filtration membrane?
- Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
- Visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
- Glomerular endothelium
- Basement membrane
- Parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
In the kidney, blood flows from the interlobular artery into the:
afferent arteriole
A drop in systemic blood pressure would cause the filtration rate to:
decrease
What is a countercurrent mechanism?
A countercurrent mechanism is one that is made up of parallel passages where the contents flow in opposite directions. The countercurrent mechanism of the kidneys functions to keep the solute concentration of the medulla extremely high.
How does the function of the descending limb of the nephron loop differ from the function of the ascending limb?
- The thin-walled descending limb allows water and to diffuse freely into or out of the tubule, depending on their concentration gradients.
- The thick-walled ascending limb limits the diffusion of most molecules while actively transporting NaCl molecules out of the tubule and into the interstitial fluid.
What is the purpose of the countercurrent multiplier mechanism of the nephron loop?
The countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle allows for Nat and Cl to be pumped from the ascending limb and moved into interstitial fluid to maintain a high osmolality there.
How does aldosterone influence secretion in the kidney tubules?
Aldosterone targets the DCT and CD cells and causes them to increase activity of the sodium-potassium pumps that move sodium out of the tubule and potassium into the tubule. Potassium secretion increases when blood aldosterone concentration increases.
How does aldosterone cause the body to conserve water?
Aldosterone increases distal and collecting tubule reabsorption of sodium, which in turn causes an osmotic imbalance that drives the reabsorption of water from the tubule.
A portion of the nephron that can lie within the medulla is the:
nephron loop
During the micturition reflex:
- the external sphincter is consciously relaxed.
- the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.
- stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.
The male urethra is part of _____ body systems:
two
- Urinary System
- Reproductive System
Where is the micturition center located?
Pons
The principal cation in intracellular fluid is _____.
potassium
The principal cation in extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid) fluid is _____.
sodium
Where is the thirst center located?
Hypothalamus
_____ blood levels of ADH would be found in someone who has been working in high temperatures and is dehydrated.
High
What are the three stimulus that will cause the release of ADH?
- Angiotensin II (Low Blood Pressure)
- Low Blood Volume
- High plasma osmolarity (High Na+)
Which gland releases antidiuretic hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Posterior pituitary
How does ADH increase water reabsorption?
Increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
Which of the following stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
- Decrease in blood pressure.
- Decreased blood sodium (Na+) levels.
- Elevated blood potassium (K+) levels.
- Elevated blood osmolarity
- Decrease in blood pressure.
- Decreased blood sodium (Na+) levels.
- Elevated blood potassium (K+) levels.
What will the kidney release from juxtaglomerular cells when low blood pressure is detected?
Renin
Angiotensinogen is synthesized in what organ?
Liver
Which organ makes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)?
Lungs
Which hormone plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion?
Aldosterone
Which hormone will decrease sodium (Na+) reabsorption?
ANH (Atrial natriuretic peptide) (ANP)
What effect does ANH have on ECF volume?
Decreases Extracellular Fluid
How do the kidneys respond to a drop in ECF pH?
Kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions into urine and synthesize more bicarbonate ions
Prolonged vomiting can result in which of the following?
a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. metabolic acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
Hypoventilation leads to which of the following?
a. metabolic alkalosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory acidosis
The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of:
- blood pH
- blood pressure
- blood ion levels
The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes.
- 3
- 2
The respiratory mucosa helps _____, _____, and _____ the air.
- clean
- humidify
- warm
The _____ swirl the air inside the nasal cavity.
nasal conchae
The respiratory system assists with homeostasis of body _____ by adjusting CO2 levels.
pH
The respiratory system is involved with _____ as air is forced out between the vocal cords.
communication
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to _____.
hemoglobin
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as _____.
bicarbonate ions
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the _____.
epiglottis
The gas exchange in the lungs takes place in the ____.
alveoli
If the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases the volume of the lungs _____.
decreases
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _____ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater
Air moves INTO the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _____ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
less
_____ is the maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest possible inspiration.
Vital capacity
_____ is the amount of air that moves into and out of the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
_____ is the chemical regulator of respiration under normal conditions.
Carbon dioxide
If the _____ of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally it would result in a person to stop breathing.
respiratory group
_____ ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary
The first structure in the lower respiratory tract is the _____.
trachea
_____ helps reduce surface tension within the alveoli, thus preventing each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration.
Surfactant
Three factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute are:
- The _____ membrane thickness
- The _____ of the respiratory membrane
- The _____ between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood
- alveoli
- total surface area
- oxygen pressure gradient
The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____.
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
The flow of air from the trachea goes to the left and right ____ bronchi to each lung and to each lobe through the _____ bronchi.
- primary
- secondary
Normal, quiet breathing is known as _____.
eupnea
Labored or difficult breathing is known as
dyspnea
The tendency of the lungs and thorax to return to their preinspiration volume is a physical phenomenon called ____.
elastic recoil
The enzyme _____ in erythrocytes converts water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
carbonic anhydrase (CA)
Carbonic acid dissociates into _____ and _____ ions.
- bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- hydrogen (H+)
_____ diffuses out of the RBC into the plasma in exchange for _____ moving into the RBC.
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- chloride (CI)
Carbonic anhydrase converts _____ to _____ and _____, and _____ diffuses across the respiratory membrane into the alveolar air space.
- carbonic acid (H2CO3)
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- water (H2O)
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
Explain the process by which the majority of carbon dioxide is transported by the blood starting at the tissues going to the lungs.
- At the tissues: Carbonic anhydrase (CA) causes carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into two ions: bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen (H+). Hydrogen binds to the globin and bicarbonate diffuses out of the RBC while chloride shift into the RBC.
- At the pulmonary capillaries, the chemical reaction that produced bicarbonate is reversed , and carbon dioxide and water are the products. Much of the bicarbonate in the plasma re-enters the erythrocytes in exchange for chloride ions. Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions join to form carbonic acid, which is converted into carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the erythrocytes and into the plasma, where it can further diffuse across the respiratory membrane into the alveoli to be exhaled during pulmonary ventilation.
The _____ and the _____ make up the renal corpuscle.
- glomerulus
- glomerular capsule
A _____ is a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
glomerulus
Blood enters the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _____ arteriole.
afferent
Blood exits the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _____ arteriole.
efferent
The _____ capillaries surround the proximal convoluted tubules.
peritubular
The process of filtration is driven by _____.
blood hydrostatic pressure
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is _____.
potassium
The nephron consists of the _____ and _____.
- renal corpuscle
- kidney tubules
Urine flows from the collecting ducts into the renal _____.
pyramids
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to increase secretion of _____ by the juxtaglomerular complex.
renin
The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will _____ urine.
concentrate
A high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts will _____ urine.
concentrate
An increase in facultative water reabsorption will _____ urine.
concentrate
Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of the _____ to water.
collecting ducts
_____ will increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys _____ more hydrogen ions into urine and _____ more bicarbonate ions.
- secrete
- synthesize
The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to decrease ECF and excrete _____ ions.
sodium
Prolonged vomiting can result in _____.
metabolic alkalosis
Hypoventilation leads to _____.
respiratory acidosis
Angiotensinogen is synthesized in the _____.
liver
Secretion of ______ is controlled by the renin-angiotensin mechanism in response to these three stimuli: Elevated blood potassium concentration, decreased blood sodium levels, and decreased blood pressure.
aldosterone
High blood levels of _____ would be found in someone who has been working in high temperatures and is dehydrated.
ADH
The _____ synthesize angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE).
lungs
95- 99% of urine excreted is water, of the other 5% is mostly made of _____.
urea
The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the _____.
hypothalamus
Proteins and blood cells are _____ to fit through the filtration membrane.
too large
_____ metabolism is the primary source of the nitrogenous compounds in urine.
Protein
______ is the component of blood that is filtered from the glomerulus into the renal capsule.
Plasma
_____ increases water reabsorption by the kidneys.
ADH
Urine is conducted from the kidney to the urinary bladder through the _____.
ureters
The male urethra is part of _____ organ systems and the female urethra is part of _____ organ system.
- two
- one
During micturition the _____ sphincter is consciously relaxed.
external
During the micturition reflex the _____ sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.
internal
Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the _____ spinal cord.
sacral
The micturition center is located in the _____.
pons
Match the effect of the following hormones:
- ADH
- Aldosterone
- ANH
- Reabsorb Na+
- Reabsorb H2O
- Na+ and H2O Excretion
ADH - Reabsorb H2O
Aldosterone - Reabsorb Na+
ANH - Na+ and H2O Excretion
