A+P II - UNIT 3 LECTURE Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Air passage
- Gas exchange
- Sense of smell
- Communication
- Acid–base balance (pH)
- Expulsion of abdominal contents
What effect does cigarette smoking have on respiratory cilia?
It will paralyze them, damage them, and then they will disappear.
List the 5 regions of the upper respiratory tract starting with the entry point.
- Nose
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Larynx
List the 3 structures of the lower respiratory system.
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Lungs
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the _____.
epiglottis
Surfactant helps reduce ________________ within the alveoli, thus preventing each alveolus from ______________ as air moves in and out during respiration.
- surface tension
- collapsing
Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?
alveoli
What would happen if the trachea were composed of complete cartilage rings, rather than C-shaped cartilage rings?
- If the trachea had complete cartilage rings, passage of food through the esophagus would be more difficult. Each bolus of food swallowed would in effect bounce over the cartilage.
- The trachea has smooth muscle on the posterior side of the C-shaped cartilage rings. This smooth muscle is in contact posteriorly with the esophagus. Because the smooth muscle of the trachea is distensible, it allows passage of large masses of food during the swallowing process.
Why do foreign objects that fall into the trachea usually enter the right bronchus?
The left lung is displaced laterally by the heart. This makes the right primary bronchus larger and much more vertical. Objects falling into the trachea most frequently end up in the right bronchus.
The lungs form embryonically as outpouchings form the digestive tract. Explain how the location of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus illustrate their origin.
The larynx and esophagus are both continuations of the pharynx. If you think of the pharynx and esophagus as being directly connected, it is easy to picture the larynx, trachea, and lungs as being an anterior extension of the digestive tract.
What are the benefits of having a long passageway entering the lungs?
The long passageway consisting of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, and bronchi allows the environmental air to be modified before it reaches the alveoli. This helps to ensure that the air is warmed, filtered, and moistened before reaching the respiratory membrane. The nasal cavity and long respiratory tree also help prevent water loss, which would be greatly increased if the passageway were relatively short.
What are the benefits of having the lungs inside the rib cage?
The ribcage is important in respiration and also has an important protective function. The lungs and heart are protected form external damage by this arrangement. The presence of the lungs deep within the body helps to prevent water loss. having the lungs in close proximity to the heart decreases the length of blood vessels required to move blood to the lungs for oxygenation and return blood to the heart.
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
a. Assists with homeostasis of body pH
b. Distributes oxygen to cells
c. Filters air
d. Warms air
b. Distributes oxygen to cells
The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the:
septum
The more common name for the pharynx is the:
throat
The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called:
conchae
Which of these structures is not part of the lower respiratory tract?
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Lungs
d. All of the above are part of the lower respiratory tract.
a. Larynx
The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the:
thyroid cartilage
The cribriform plate is part of the:
ethmoid bone
The more correct name for a sore throat is:
pharyngitis
Gas exchange occurs across the:
respiratory membrane
TRUE OR FALSE?
The pulmonary arteries bring oxygenated blood to nourish the lungs and bronchioles.
False
3-5 bronchial arteries supply blood to the lungs from the systemic circuit.
The function of pulmonary ventilation is the:
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
If the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, what happens to the volume of the lungs?
Volume decreases
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _________ than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater
In what area of the brain are the respiratory centers located?
Medulla
The most important chemical regulator of respiration under normal conditions is?
Carbon Dioxide
What would happen if the medulla respiratory group of neurons were destroyed?
A person would stop breathing.
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the_____________.
tidal volume
The amount drawn into the lungs beyond anormal quiet inspiration is _____.
inspiratory reserve volume
The amount expelled beyond normal quiet expiration is _____.
expiratory reserve volume
The maximum amount of air exhaled after the deepest possible inspiration is _____.
vital capacity
(TV + IRV + ERV)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide will move ________ their pressure gradient.
down
Increasing ______ and decreasing the ______ will accelerate the dissociation of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin.
- PCO2
- PO2
What 3 factors influence gas exchange at the alveoli?
- Pressure gradient
- Membrane thickness
- Membrane surface area
How is the majority of oxygen transported in blood?
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells (Oxyhemoglobin)
How is the majority of carbon dioxide transported
in the blood?
Bound to bicarbonate ions
The release of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP/ANH) from the heart will cause the body to:
Decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions
Which mechanism does the kidney use to raise systemic blood pressure?
increase secretion of renin by the juxta glomerular complex
_____ plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
Aldosterone
_____ increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone:
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
What are three factors that stimulate the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
- Decreased blood pressure
- Decreased sodium (Na) concentration
- Increased potassium (K) concentration
When aldosterone is released, secretion of _____ occurs.
potassium (K)
Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced?
ANH (ANP)
Which hormones tend to decrease the amount of urine produced?
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
As the amount of sodium (Na) reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule increases, the amount of _____ increases.
potassium (K) ions secreted
Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are ___________________.
peritubular capillaries
Capillaries that surround the loop of Henle (nephron loop) are ___________________.
vasa recta capillaries
_____ is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine.
Urea
TRUE OR FALSE
The kidneys are contained in the paritoneal cavity.
False (Retroperitoneal)
A _____________ is a “knot” of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
glomerulus
Blood enters the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _________________.
afferent arteriole
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the _________________.
efferent arteriole
What is the most abundant metabolic waste excreted in urine?
Urea
What is urea a byproduct of?
Protein catabolism
What cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells ( J-G cells, granular cells )
What are the names of the cells that make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)?
Podocytes
What three structures make up the filtration membrane?
- Endotheial cells of glomerulus
- Basement membrane
- Foot processes (Pedicels) of podocytes
The process of filtration is driven by:
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Under normal conditions, why don’t plasma proteins and RBCs filter out at the filtration membrane?
Too large to fit through the pores of the filtration membrane.
Which mechanism does the kidney use to raise systemic blood pressure?
Increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
Match the effect of the following hormones:
ADH
Aldosterone
ANH
Na+ and H2O excretion
Reabsorb Na+
Reabsorb H2O
ADH - Reabsorbs H2O
Aldosterone - Reabsorbs Na+
ANH - Na+ and H2O excretion
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
Filtration of plasma
What is the function of the renal tubules (PCT)?
Reabsorption and secretion to form urine
