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Human Anatomy & Physiology > A + P II - UNIT 4 LECTURE > Flashcards

A + P II - UNIT 4 LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

What gastric secretion is needed for the absorption of B12?

A

Intrinsic factor

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2
Q

The esophagus connects to the stomach at the _____ region.

A

cardia

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3
Q

The hormone that stimulates gastric secretions and gastric motility is _____.

A

gastrin

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4
Q

What are the folds in the stomach lining called?

A

Rugae

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5
Q

What gastric secretion activates pepsinogen to the active enzyme pepsin?

A

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

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6
Q

What secretion protects the stomach mucosa from digestive enzymes?

A

Mucus (HCO3 -)

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7
Q

What gastric secretion is needed for the absorption of B12?

A

Intrinsic factor

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8
Q

What extra layer of muscle does the stomach have?

A

Oblique layer

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9
Q

What stage of gastric secretion and motility does the majority of gastric secretions take place?

A

Gastric phase

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10
Q

What part of the digestive tract does 90% of nutrient absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

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11
Q

What is the hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the release of sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas?

A

Secretin

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12
Q

_____ propels chyme toward the colon.

A

Peristalsis

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Villi line the interior wall of the small intestine.

A

True

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The brush border helps absorb nutrients from ingested food.

A

True

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Villi contain lacteals of the lymphatic system.

A

True

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16
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

a. antibody protection
b. Synthesis of secretion and bile
c. Storage of glycogen and iron reserves
d. Synthesis of plasma proteins

A

a. antibody protection

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17
Q

Which accessory organ is responsible for storing bile?

A

Gall bladder

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18
Q

Which digestive juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?

A

Pancreatic juice

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19
Q

What substance does the liver make that emulsifies (breaks down) fats?

A

Bile

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20
Q

Which of the following is a function of the pancreas?

a. It produces digestive enzymes
b. It produces bile
c. It stores bile
d. It produces hydrochloric acid

A

a. It produces digestive enzymes

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21
Q

What secretion emulsifies fats?

A

Bile

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22
Q

Where are the pancreatic juices released into the digestive tract?

A

Small intestine (Duodenum)

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23
Q

What secretion digests fats?

A

Pancreatic lipase

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24
Q

What secretion increases the pH?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

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25
Q

The activities of the digestive system are regulated by:

A
  • Parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
  • The contents of the digestive tract
  • Hormones
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26
Q

Which is not a function of bacteria in the large intestine?

a. Bacteria break down carbohydrates and other substances in chyme
b. Bacteria absorb water in the colon
c. Bacteria release vitamin K, which the colon absorbs
d. Bacteria release vitamin B, which the colon absorbs

A

b. Bacteria absorb water in the colon

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27
Q

Where is most of the water absorbed during digestion?

A

In the small intestine

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28
Q

Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol and takes it to the liver for elimination?

A

HDL

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29
Q

Which nutrient is absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries called lacteals in the small intestine?

A

Lipids

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30
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____.

A

mouth

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31
Q

Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy.

A
  • decomposition
  • Release
32
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

33
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the ______________

34
Q

The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the ______________.

A

mitochondria

35
Q

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of ____ molecules of ATP.

36
Q

The citric acid cycle takes place in the:

A

mitochondria

37
Q

What mechanism does the hypothalamus use to increase body temperature?

A
  • Activates shivering thermogenesis
  • Activates non-shivering thermogenesis
  • Activates skin vasoconstriction
38
Q

What factor does not influence an individual’s BMR (basal metabolic rate)?

39
Q

Saliva helps _____ food for swallowing.

40
Q

The _____ moves food from the mouth to the stomach.

41
Q

The esophagus connects to the stomach at the _____ region.

42
Q

The folds in the stomach lining are called _____.

43
Q

After leaving the stomach, food enters the _____.

A

small intestine

44
Q

_____ is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.

A

Intrinsic factor

45
Q

List the three phases of gastric secretion:

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
46
Q

The _____ sphincter controls the amount of chyme that moves into the duodenum.

47
Q

The hormone that stimulates gastric secretions and gastric motility is _____.

48
Q

_____ propels chyme toward the colon.

A

Peristalsis

49
Q

_____ juice contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

A

Pancreatic

50
Q

The primary function of the _____ is to synthesize and secrete bile.

51
Q

The _____ stores glycogen and iron reserves.

52
Q

The _____ synthesizes plasma proteins.

53
Q

The _____ stores bile.

A

gallbladder

54
Q

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the _____.

A

small intestine

55
Q

_____ are absorbed into the lacteals in the small intestine.

56
Q

Hydrochloric acid is released from cells in the _____ and transforms inactive _____ into the active enzyme _____.

A
  • stomach
  • pepsinogen
    -pepsin
57
Q

The function of _____ is to emulsify fats.

58
Q

Pancreatic juices are released into the _____.

A

small intestine (duodenum)

59
Q

The hormone _____ is secreted by the stomach and increases gastric secretion and motility.

60
Q

The hormone _____ is secreted from the duodenum and increases bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.

61
Q

The hormone _____ is secreted by the duodenum and stimulates gallbladder contractions and pancreatic enzyme secretion.

A

cholecystokinin

62
Q

Identify the epithelial tissue:

a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine

A

a. Esophagus - Non-Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
b. Stomach - Simple columnar epithelium without goblet cells
c. Small intestine - Simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells and microvilli
d. Large intestine - Simple columnar epithelium without goblet cells

63
Q

The highest concentration of goblet cells is located in the _____.

A

large intestine

64
Q

The function of bacteria in the large intestine is to _____ carbohydrates and other substances in chyme.

A

break down

65
Q

The function of bacteria in the large intestine is to release vitamin _____ needed as co-enzymes, which the colon absorbs.

66
Q

_____ of the bush border increases surface area.

A

Microvilli

67
Q

Most of the water absorbed during digestion is done in the _____.

A

small intestine

68
Q

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the _____.

69
Q

Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy.

A
  • decomposition
  • release
70
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the _____.

71
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle takes place in the _____.

A

mitochondria

72
Q

The lipoprotein _____ picks up cholesterol and takes it to the liver for elimination.

73
Q

Oxygen is used in cellular respiration as a final _____ acceptor.

74
Q

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of _____ molecules of ATP.

75
Q

Protein chemical digestion begins in the _____.

76
Q

Lipid chemical digestion begins in the _____.

A

small intestine

77
Q

List three mechanisms the hypothalamus uses to increase body temperature:

A
  • Activates shivering thermogenesis (skeletal muscles)
  • Inhibits sweat glands (Activates non-shivering thermogenesis)
  • Activates skin vasoconstriction (peripheral vessels)

Human Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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