ANATOMY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
An ____ is composed of two or more tissue types.
organ
You ate Crumbl Cookies and your blood sugar goes above normal. Your pancreas releases releases insulin which causes your blood sugar levels to return to normal. This is an example of a ____ feedback loop.
negative
The plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior sections is a _ plane.
coronal/frontal
The ____ system includes the nose, larynx, bronchi, and lungs.
respiratory
____ tissue is composed of tightly packed cells that line body surfaces, are innervated, avascular, and highly regenerative.
epithelial
Simple ____ epithelial tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach.
columnar
Tendons & ligaments are examples of ____ connective tissue
dense regular
Connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by ____.
fibroblasts
The ____ is a serous membrane that surrounds the heart.
pericardium
____ connective tissue is used as an energy storage and cushions other organs
Adipose
The epidermis of the skin is composed of ____ tissue
keratinized stratified squamous epithelial
List the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial:
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum
Corneum
____ glands secrete using exocytosis and the cell remains intact.
Merocrine
Sebum is produced by ____ glands.
sebaceous
A surgical incision parallel to the lines of ____ closes and heals with relatively little scarring.
cleavage
When the cartilage of the ____ plate is completely replaced by bone, long bones have reached their adult length.
epiphyseal
The shaft of a long bone is called the ____.
diaphysis
Spongy bone is made up of a “lattice” of bone that is called ____.
trabeculae
____ secretes acids and proteolytic enzymes to break down bone.
Osteoclasts
____ bone growth begins as a hyaline cartilage model.
Endochondral
The hormone that raises blood calcium levels and removes calcium from bone is ____.
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
List the steps in bone repair:
- Hematoma
- Internal Callus
- Bone Callus
- Remodel
An exaggerated curve in the cervical and lumbar spine is called ____ and an exaggerated thoracic curvature is called ____.
lordosis
kyphosis
Immovable joints are classified as a ____.
synarthrosis
____ is moving the arm laterally away from the body midline.
Abduction
Turning the hand so that the palm faces anteriorly is ____.
supination
Pointing the toes up towards the body is an example of ____.
dorsiflexion
The elbow and knee are both examples of ____ joints.
hinge
The plasma (cell) membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ____.
sarcolemma
The connective tissue covering a single muscle fiber is called the ____.
endomysium
When a motor neuron is stimulated, synaptic vesicles release their contents directly into the ____.
synaptic cleft
The actin active sites become available for cross-bridge formation when calcium ions bind to the protein ____.
troponin
The ____ contains calcium ions in resting skeletal muscle.
terminal cisternae
During the cross-bridge cycle, when ____ is added to the myosin head, it will detach from the actin filament.
ATP
Muscle contraction where movement occurs (the muscle shortens) is called ____ contraction.
isotonic
The structure at both ends of the sarcomere is called the ____.
Z disc
____ fibers are small highly. vascular muscle fibers rich with myoglobin. Commonly seen in long-distance or endurance athletes.
Slow oxidative fibers (Type I)
A single stimulus resulting in complete contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber is called a ____.
twitch
The muscle that opposes the action of a specific muscle is the ____.
antagonist
The brain and spinal cord are part of the ____.
central nervous system
____ are responsible for myelinating the central nervous system.
Oligodendrocytes
____ are responsible for secreting cerebral spinal fluid.
Ependymal cells
Nerves that send the fastest signals are ____ in diameter and are highly ____.
large
myelinated
A ____ neuron has a single dendrite and a single axon and is generally found in the special senses.
bipolar
The summation of IPSPs and EPSPs that arrive from several different axons at different places on the neuron is called ____ summation.
spatial
Voltage-regulated gates can be found on the ____ of a neuron.
axon
The most common intracellular ion is ____.
potassium (K+)
The central sulcus separates the ____ lobes and the ____ lobes.
frontal
parietal
Proprioception and motor coordination are functions of the ____.
cerebellum
The ____ in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating food and water intake, temperature, and much of the endocrine system.
hypothalamus
The ____ is involved in alertness & focusing attention.
reticular formation
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the ____ found in the ____.
choroid plexuses
ventricles
Cranial nerve ____ supplies parasympathetic stimulation to the viscera and is also called the vagus nerve.
X (10)
The dorsal root of a spinal nerve receives ____ input.
sensory
There are ____ pairs of cervical, ____ pairs of thoracic, and ____ pairs of lumbar spinal nerves.
8
12
5
The ____ plexus provides innervation primarily to the upper extremity.
brachial
A ____ reflex would have the shortest delay between stimulus & response.
monosynaptic
The ____ reflex stabilizes the right leg to allow the left leg to be lifted rapidly.
crossed extensor
The ____ lengthens out the time of the sympathetic response by secreting norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
adrenal medulla
A receptor that binds norepinephrine is called a(n) ____ receptor.
adrenergic
