Unit 4 - Solution and Solubility Flashcards
What is a solution?
homogeneous (only one visible part) mixture of two or more substances
What is a heterogenous mixture?
Containing 2 or more visible parts
What is miscible and immiscible?
When a liquid can dissolve with each other and when a liquid can’t mix/dissolve with each other
Polarities and solutions (trend)
- Solutions with similar polarities are often miscible and solutions with opposite polarities are immiscible (like dissolves like)
What is dissociation?
When ionic solids are mixed with water, polar molecules pull the negative ions apart from the crystal.
- As ions leave the crystal, they are surrounded by
water in a process called hydration (negative charges will go to the positive charge, and vise versa)
What are the components of a solution?
Solute and the solvent
What is the concentration of a solution?
The ratio of the quantity of solute to the quantity of solvent
What is alloy and amalgam?
- A solution of 2 or more metals
- Alloys of mercury
What is the solubility trend?
- Saturated solution: contains max quantity of solute
- Unsaturated solution: contains less than max quantity (dissolves more solute)
- Supersaturated solutions: contains more than the max amount of solute
What are the 4 factors affecting solubility?
- Increase temp = increase in kinetic energy between particles –> causing more collisions between solute and solvent particles
- Agitating the solution (like stirring), increase the interaction between solute and solvent particles
- Decreasing particle size (grinding the solute), increasing surface area of solute and allowing more interactions
- Increasing solubility = increase rate of dissolving
Difference between solubility of gases and solids?
- Solubility of gases decreases as the temperature increases
- Solubility of gas in liquid increases as the pressure of the gas increases
(As the solvent vapor pressure increases with the additional kinetic energy the entire system becomes volatile, because you have additional kinetic energy. This prevents more gas from dissolving into the system.)
What are the trends of solubility in gases?
- Thermal pollution decreases solubility of oxygen in water
- Cold water warming up to room temp, solubility of gases reduces
- Open a bottle of pop decreases pressure, solubility of CO2 decreases and reduce (gas is released)
What is a stock solution?
Concentrated solution that is used to prepare dilute solutions for actual use
What is a standard solution?
Solution of a known concentration, where it is used due to its low uncertainty
What is a dilution?
Process of reducing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent
What is filtrate?
The clear liquid (solvent and any dissolved substances) collected after a mixture is filtered to remove any
solid components is called the filtrate
What is an oxyanions?
Polyatomic anion that contains oxygen
What are the rules of oxyanions? –> not acids
Prefixes:
Per- = 1 more oxygen atom
-ate = no changes
-ite = 1 less oxygen atom
Hypo__ite = 2 less oxygen atoms
What are acid nomenclature? –> acid (adding hydrogen)
- Acids without oxygen have form hydro__ic acid (aqueous)
- they are filled with the elements or polyatomic ion name following hydrogen in the formula - Acids with oxygen end with -ic (higher, ex Cu^+2) or -ous (lower version, ex Cu^+1) acid
- -ate oxyanions become -ic acids and -ite oxyanions become -ous acids
What is arrhenius theory?
Proposed that acids and bases can be classified according to their chemical formulas and how they dissociate in water
1. Arrhenius base - substance that dissolves in water –> creating a cation and OH
2. Arrhenius acid - ionizes to produce hydronium ions in water –> into hydrogen (no H2, just H) or H3O
- DOESN’T APPLY TO AMMONIA
What is the difference between ionization vs. dissociation?
Dissociation - occurs when water molecules pull apart the positive and negative ions of an ionic compound
Ionization - occurs when ions form in solution from neutral molecule
What is acid-base strength?
In a solution of strong acid, no HA remains (fully ionizes to H3O+ and A–)
In a solution of a weak acid, very little ionization occurs and most of it remains in the form HA
(HA is the compound that is being added to water)
+These all depend on their degree of dissociation in solution
What is titration?
An analytical procedure used to determine the concentration of a solution
What are the key terms in titration?
- Equivalence point - when the compound neutralize completely)
- End point - when the indicator change colour
What is standardizing in titrants?
Determining the precise concentration of the titrant before performing
What is a primary standard?
A chemical that is highly pure and chemically stable that is used to determine the precise concentration of acids or bases
What is qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis?
- Qualitative analysis involves detecting or identifying a substance
- Quantitative analysis involves measuring a specific quantity or characteristic of a substance
What is concentration?
The amount of substance in a solution (amount of salt in blood)
What is solubility?
It is the maximum mass of solute that can be dissolved per 100 g of water at a given temperature and pressure
What are flame tests used for?
It is harder to identify the presence of alkali metals, so a flame test is used, where if these metals are present, it turns into a certain colour.
