The Function of Respiration

Question 1

What is the process of respiration?

Answer 1

Cells need oxygen to carry cellular respiration to produce energy and throw out carbon dioxide

Question 2

Why does cells need continuous supply of O2?

Answer 2

To preform cellular respiration to create energy

Question 3

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 3

Chemical process when oxygen is used to make energy from carbs (glucose inside cells)

Question 4

What is the main function of respiration?

Answer 4

Ensure oxygen is in the body and in cell, where carbon leaves

Question 5

What factors are needed for respiration?

Answer 5

1. surface = area needs to be large enough for gas exchanges of CO2 and O2 quickly for cell needs
2. moisture = gases dissolved in water can be used
   - both factors contribute to ventilation -> moving oxygen rich water/air over respiratory surfaces

Question 6

What is diffusion?

Answer 6

Substances that move an area of high concentration to low -> allow gas exchange

Question 7

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 7

1. diffusion distance
2. concentration difference

Question 8

What is diffusion distance

Answer 8

• distance a molecule has to travel to diffuse from one place to another
• distance between air in alveoli and capillaries (blood)

Question 9

What is the respiratory membrane?

Answer 9

Used to sep. alveoli and capillaries -> small distance to allow quicker rate of diffusion
- if inflamed - causes shortness of breath

Question 10

What is the stages of respiration gas exchange?

Answer 10

1. breathing
   - inspiration
   - expiration
2. external respiration
   - exchange of gas (CO2 and O2) between inspiration air inside lungs (alveoli) and blood
   - deliver O2 from lungs to blood and eliminate CO2 –> from blood to lungs (BETWEEN LUNGS AND BLOOD)
3. internal respiration
   - exchange of gases between blood and tissue
4. Cellular respiration
   - series of energy-releasing chemical reaction within cells (mitochondria and cytoplasm)
   - provide energy

Question 11

What are the main requirements of respiration surfaces?

Answer 11

• has to be large enough for gas exchange quickly
• must be moist for gas to dissolve in H2O
• Animals uses surface, gills, trachea instead of lungs
  4. organism uses ventilation = move O2 containing water/air over res. surface

Question 12

What is the gas exchange in aquatic environments?

Answer 12

• Contains O2 as a dissolved gas
• organism take O2 through gills to allow gas exchange
• fish exchange gas by taking water into mouth and pumping it over gills (ventilation, supply air to lungs) - dissolve O2 in H2O to diffuse into capillaries
• CO2 diffuse from blood to gill tissues to go out of body

Question 13

What is current exchange mechanism?

Answer 13

Current air flow will move opposite directions
ex. blood and water flow opposite direction -> diffuse gradient of O2 is kept high

Question 14

What is diffusion gradient?

Answer 14

oxygen molecules move from high concentration to low –> allow gas exchange

Question 15

What is the gas exchange on land?

Answer 15

air pressure in lungs (similar to diffusion) - due to medulla - see how much CO2 is in bloodstream that stimulate brain to increase/decrease amount of O2

Question 16

What is the process of gas exchange through diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

Answer 16

1. inhalation
   - draws O2 rich air outside of body into lungs
   - rib muscles and diaphragm contract (move downwards) to expand chest cavity (P/V=P/V) - air is drawn to lungs of area of high pressute to low (causing molecules to be further apart but still same number of them)
2. exhalation
   - gas exchange between lungs and blood -> eliminate CO2
   - intercostal and diaphragm relax to contract chest cavity -> reduce volume of chest cavity and air pressure increase
   - diaphragm goes back up and air is being pushed by lungs

Question 17

What is a diaphragm?

Answer 17

dome-shaped layer of muscle, separating regions of lungs (thoracic cavity) from abdominal cavity

Question 18

What is respiration rate affected by?

Answer 18

• excitement
• temperature
• exercise
• fever of pain
• O2 level in blood
• change in environment

Question 19

Why is ventilation important?

Answer 19

Allows the increase efficiency of moving O2 over res. surface

Question 20

How does air come in and out of lungs?

Answer 20

• diffusion
  inhalation:
• outside body = high concentration of O2
• Lungs = low concentration of O2
  + The medulla oblongata

Question 21

How do fishes breath underwater?

Answer 21

there is O2 in water

Question 22

How does the pleural membrane allow lungs to expand and relax?

Answer 22

There is space in between these layers and come together to breathe in and relaxes back to breathe out

Question 23

What controls pressure in lungs

Answer 23

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

Question 24

Why is lube important for pleural membrane?

Answer 24

Allowing glinding without friction (this causes shortness of breath and pain) - breath without pain

Question 25

What if the concentration difference is large?

Answer 25

Diffusion is quicker - if almost similar, theres no point in going fast, so slower

Question 26

Why do athletes tend to train in higher altitudes?

Answer 26

Because there is lack of oxygen –> allowing the build up of a higher lung capacity (more O2 coming in)

Question 27

Why are gills important for aquatic animals?

Answer 27

• higher surface area = because water has less O2