Respiratory Disorders

Question 1

What is tonsillitis?

Answer 1

red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, and swollen glands in neck

Question 2

What is the cause of tonsillitis?

Answer 2

bacterial/viral infection of the tonsils

Question 3

What are the treatments of tonsilitis?

Answer 3

Severe forms may be treated by surgically removing all or part of tonsils → removing tonsil can increase risk of throat inflections

Question 4

What are tonsils?

Answer 4

2 oval-shaped organs located in pharynx at back of throat
Function - helps prevent bacteria and other harmful substances from entering resp. System
(tend to be large in children)

Question 5

What is laryngitis?

Answer 5

Inflammation of larynx → infection or allergy or overstraining the voice → like yelling
a) Larynx contains vocal cords → if inflamed → vocal cords cannot vibrate
b) May lose voice or speak in hoarse whisper

Question 6

What causes laryngitis?

Answer 6

infection, allergy, straining vocal cords

Question 7

Treatment of laryngitis?

Answer 7

resting voice, increase humidity

Question 8

What is pneumonia?

Answer 8

Alveoli in lungs become inflamed and full with fluids
a) Interferes with gas exchange → body becomes starved of oxygen

Question 9

What causes pneumonia?

Answer 9

bacterial infection (spread out of lungs by blood stream → affect other tissues) and viral infection

Question 10

Treatments of pneumonia?

Answer 10

antibiotics and fluids
- HAS VACCINES
- Viral pneumonia are usually less severe than bacterial pneumonias and can be treated with ant-viral medications
- May be followed, however, by a secondary bacterial infection → must be treated separately with antibiotics or with preparations with antibiotic properties
- People with AIDS (immune systems do not respond strongly) can have rare type of pneumonia (PCP)

Question 11

What are the 2 types of penumonia?

Answer 11

1. Lobular pneumonia
   - Affects lobe of lungs
2. Bronchial pneumonia
   - Affects patches throughout both lungs

Question 12

What is SARS, MERS, COVID 19?

Answer 12

• Pneumonia-like respiratory diseases
• Causes inflammation of lungs → fever and cough
• Breathing become difficult → may need to be hospitalized → can be fatal
• 3 coronaviruses that cause large outbreaks - SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2

Question 13

What causes COVID 19?

Answer 13

• Type of RNA virus → Coronavirus
• Spread through coughing or sneezing
• Interaction between animals and humans

Question 14

What is the treatment of COVID?

Answer 14

mRNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines

Question 15

What is bronchitis?

Answer 15

• When bronchi become red, inflamed and filled with mucus → which the person expels by coughing
  mucus accumulates in bronchi causing development of persistent cough → to clear it
• acute bronchitis (short time) = caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics
• Without cleaning actions of cilia, bronchi grow increasingly inflamed and vulnerable to infection
• Chronic bronchitis (long term) = caused by regular exposure to concentration of dust or chemical compounds or cigarette → exposure is over long period, cilia lining will gradually be destroyed

Question 16

Causes of bronchitis:

Answer 16

• Caused by smoking → not cure
• Chemical compounds
• Dust
• Cilia destroyed
• weather

Question 17

Treatment of bronchitis?

Answer 17

• Can be treated by quitting smoking, taking meds, and participating in specialized exercise programs
  -antibiotics

Question 18

What is asthma?

Answer 18

• Inflammation narrows air passages of bronchi → reduce airflow
• wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest, and shortness of breath

Question 19

What causes asthma?

Answer 19

• inhaled irritants (pollen, dust, smoke) can trigger an inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
• In an attack → muscles around airway contract and cells in airway may increase mucus production → blocking airway

Question 20

What is the treatment of asthma?

Answer 20

• Asthma meds act by relaxing bronchial muscles and reduce inflammation → opening airway
• People with it have an inhaler → delivers meds deep into lungs
  a) Metered dose inhaler
  b) Dry powder inhaler

Question 21

Difference between metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler?

Answer 21

Metered dose inhaler: is a pressurized canister fitted to a mouthpiece. Th e person fits on the mouthpiece, triggers the release,
and inhales a measured amount of liquid medication in a fine mist to relieve symptoms
Dry powder inhaler: (B), does not use a propellant to push the medication out of the container. Instead, the person obtains a fine, powdered dose of medication using a deep, slow, inhalation.

Question 22

What is emphysema?

Answer 22

• when walls of alveoli lose electricity
• reduce resp. surface for gas exchange and cause O2 shortage in tissues
• Exhaling becomes difficult as small airways collapse during exhalation

Question 23

What causes emphysema?

Answer 23

Trap air in lungs and block airflow → most common cause = SMOKING

Question 24

What are the treatments of emphysema?

Answer 24

• incurable but symptoms can be relieved by using inhaler to open bronchioles and a low-flow oxygen tank to boost supply of oxygen in body
• NO SMOKING

Question 25

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 25

- Genetic condition that cause cell lining in airways to release thick, sticky mucus that clog lungs - Mucus traps disease-causing agents, making it difficult to clear bacterial → lung infection - Mucus also blocks dust in pancreas, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching intestine to digest - Normal version causes cells to produce a protein that help govern the cells balance of salt and water - - Mutated version cause production of slightly different protein → does not function in the same way - Lack of normal protein cause cells to produce extra thick mucus

Question 26

What causes cystic fibrosis?

Answer 26

Mutation of single gene causing a multi-system disease

Question 27

What is the treatment of cystic fibrosis?

Answer 27

- can be relieved by medication -antibiotics to prevent and treat chest infections. - medicines to make the mucus in the lungs thinner and easier to cough up. - medicines to widen the airways and reduce inflammation. - special techniques and devices to help clear mucus from the lungs. - medicines that help the person absorb food better.

Question 28

What is lung cancer?

Answer 28

- Uncontrolled cell growth and division occurs in the lungs - create a rapidly growth mass of cells that form a tumor (carcinoma) → reduce respiratory surface of lungs - Lung tissues are located deep within thoracic cavity → lung cancer is difficult to detect in early stages and difficult to treat - Symptoms: include a persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite

Question 29

Why is lung cancer have a small survival rate?

Answer 29

X-ray of chest does not show the presence of tumors until they already are large → beginning to spread

Question 30

What is it call when cancer cells spread?

Answer 30

Metastatic

Question 31

What is the cause of lung cancer?

Answer 31

- Smoking (carcinogens) - Second hand smoking - Radioactive radon gas → radioactive gas emitted by soil and rock - Asbestos: a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals that are resistant to heat and corrosion

Question 32

Treatment of lung cancer?

Answer 32

- Radiation - Chemotherapy - Removing of tumor

Question 33

What are CT/CAT scans?

Answer 33

when person lies on bed while a rotating X ray device takes multiple images of body through 360 - images are processes and produce set of pictures soft tissue, bone and blood vessels

Question 34

What is a newer type of CT scan?

Answer 34

Spiral CT: - Produce clear, detailed views of blood vessels and internal tissues like chest cavity → determine lung cancer (earlier), helps with chest injuries

Question 35

How does radiation help treat lung cancer?

Answer 35

- Uses X rays or any other radiation to destroy cancer cells -> given internally and externally - internally: a thin plastic tube inserted into lungs during bronchoscopy - externally: most common where a high dose from a machine - Small amount of radiation is passed through plastic tube right to the site of cancer → tube is removed after

Question 36

How does chemo help treat lung cancer?

Answer 36

- Use of drugs to kill cancer cells → taken by mouth or injected in body - Used for more advanced stages - Works by stopping/slowing down growth of cells that are dividing rapidly - However it can also harm healthy cells → often causes side effects like loss of hair nausea and mouth sores

Question 37

How does lung surgery help treat lung cancer?

Answer 37

- Removing area of lung that contains tumors - If cancerous cells are successfully removed, person will be free of cancer - Some metastatic cell remain in body but cancer may spread again after

Question 38

What is laser surgery used for in treating lung cancer?

Answer 38

- Using lasers to destroy lung tumors → reduce damage to lungs and minimizes scarring, speeds up healing process - energy heats the target cells until burst → seals blood vessels and reduce blood loss and swelling