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Chemistry > Respiratory Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, and swollen glands in neck

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2
Q

What is the cause of tonsillitis?

A

bacterial/viral infection of the tonsils

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3
Q

What are the treatments of tonsilitis?

A

Severe forms may be treated by surgically removing all or part of tonsils → removing tonsil can increase risk of throat inflections

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4
Q

What are tonsils?

A

2 oval-shaped organs located in pharynx at back of throat
Function - helps prevent bacteria and other harmful substances from entering resp. System
(tend to be large in children)

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5
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of larynx → infection or allergy or overstraining the voice → like yelling
a) Larynx contains vocal cords → if inflamed → vocal cords cannot vibrate
b) May lose voice or speak in hoarse whisper

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6
Q

What causes laryngitis?

A

infection, allergy, straining vocal cords

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7
Q

Treatment of laryngitis?

A

resting voice, increase humidity

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8
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Alveoli in lungs become inflamed and full with fluids
a) Interferes with gas exchange → body becomes starved of oxygen

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9
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

bacterial infection (spread out of lungs by blood stream → affect other tissues) and viral infection

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10
Q

Treatments of pneumonia?

A

antibiotics and fluids
- HAS VACCINES
- Viral pneumonia are usually less severe than bacterial pneumonias and can be treated with ant-viral medications
- May be followed, however, by a secondary bacterial infection → must be treated separately with antibiotics or with preparations with antibiotic properties
- People with AIDS (immune systems do not respond strongly) can have rare type of pneumonia (PCP)

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of penumonia?

A
  1. Lobular pneumonia
    - Affects lobe of lungs
  2. Bronchial pneumonia
    - Affects patches throughout both lungs
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12
Q

What is SARS, MERS, COVID 19?

A
  • Pneumonia-like respiratory diseases
  • Causes inflammation of lungs → fever and cough
  • Breathing become difficult → may need to be hospitalized → can be fatal
  • 3 coronaviruses that cause large outbreaks - SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2
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13
Q

What causes COVID 19?

A
  • Type of RNA virus → Coronavirus
  • Spread through coughing or sneezing
  • Interaction between animals and humans
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14
Q

What is the treatment of COVID?

A

mRNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines

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15
Q

What is bronchitis?

A
  • When bronchi become red, inflamed and filled with mucus → which the person expels by coughing
    mucus accumulates in bronchi causing development of persistent cough → to clear it
  • acute bronchitis (short time) = caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics
  • Without cleaning actions of cilia, bronchi grow increasingly inflamed and vulnerable to infection
  • Chronic bronchitis (long term) = caused by regular exposure to concentration of dust or chemical compounds or cigarette → exposure is over long period, cilia lining will gradually be destroyed
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16
Q

Causes of bronchitis:

A
  • Caused by smoking → not cure
  • Chemical compounds
  • Dust
  • Cilia destroyed
  • weather
17
Q

Treatment of bronchitis?

A
  • Can be treated by quitting smoking, taking meds, and participating in specialized exercise programs
    -antibiotics
18
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • Inflammation narrows air passages of bronchi → reduce airflow
  • wheezing, coughing, tightness in chest, and shortness of breath
19
Q

What causes asthma?

A
  • inhaled irritants (pollen, dust, smoke) can trigger an inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles
  • In an attack → muscles around airway contract and cells in airway may increase mucus production → blocking airway
20
Q

What is the treatment of asthma?

A
  • Asthma meds act by relaxing bronchial muscles and reduce inflammation → opening airway
  • People with it have an inhaler → delivers meds deep into lungs
    a) Metered dose inhaler
    b) Dry powder inhaler
21
Q

Difference between metered dose inhaler and dry powder inhaler?

A

Metered dose inhaler: is a pressurized canister fitted to a mouthpiece. Th e person fits on the mouthpiece, triggers the release,
and inhales a measured amount of liquid medication in a fine mist to relieve symptoms
Dry powder inhaler: (B), does not use a propellant to push the medication out of the container. Instead, the person obtains a fine, powdered dose of medication using a deep, slow, inhalation.

22
Q

What is emphysema?

A
  • when walls of alveoli lose electricity
  • reduce resp. surface for gas exchange and cause O2 shortage in tissues
  • Exhaling becomes difficult as small airways collapse during exhalation
23
Q

What causes emphysema?

A

Trap air in lungs and block airflow → most common cause = SMOKING

24
Q

What are the treatments of emphysema?

A
  • incurable but symptoms can be relieved by using inhaler to open bronchioles and a low-flow oxygen tank to boost supply of oxygen in body
  • NO SMOKING
25
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Genetic condition that cause cell lining in airways to release thick, sticky mucus that clog lungs
  • Mucus traps disease-causing agents, making it difficult to clear bacterial → lung infection
  • Mucus also blocks dust in pancreas, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching intestine to digest
  • Normal version causes cells to produce a protein that help govern the cells balance of salt and water - - Mutated version cause production of slightly different protein → does not function in the same way
  • Lack of normal protein cause cells to produce extra thick mucus
26
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Mutation of single gene causing a multi-system disease

27
Q

What is the treatment of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • can be relieved by medication
    -antibiotics to prevent and treat chest infections.
  • medicines to make the mucus in the lungs thinner and easier to cough up.
  • medicines to widen the airways and reduce inflammation.
  • special techniques and devices to help clear mucus from the lungs.
  • medicines that help the person absorb food better.
28
Q

What is lung cancer?

A
  • Uncontrolled cell growth and division occurs in the lungs
  • create a rapidly growth mass of cells that form a tumor (carcinoma) → reduce respiratory surface of lungs
  • Lung tissues are located deep within thoracic cavity → lung cancer is difficult to detect in early stages and difficult to treat
  • Symptoms: include a persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and loss of appetite
29
Q

Why is lung cancer have a small survival rate?

A

X-ray of chest does not show the presence of tumors until they already are large → beginning to spread

30
Q

What is it call when cancer cells spread?

A

Metastatic

31
Q

What is the cause of lung cancer?

A
  • Smoking (carcinogens)
  • Second hand smoking
  • Radioactive radon gas → radioactive gas emitted by soil and rock
  • Asbestos: a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals that are resistant to heat and corrosion
32
Q

Treatment of lung cancer?

A
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Removing of tumor
33
Q

What are CT/CAT scans?

A

when person lies on bed while a rotating X ray device takes multiple images of body through 360
- images are processes and produce set of pictures soft tissue, bone and blood vessels

34
Q

What is a newer type of CT scan?

A

Spiral CT:
- Produce clear, detailed views of blood vessels and internal tissues like chest cavity → determine lung cancer (earlier), helps with chest injuries

35
Q

How does radiation help treat lung cancer?

A
  • Uses X rays or any other radiation to destroy cancer cells -> given internally and externally
  • internally: a thin plastic tube inserted into lungs during bronchoscopy
  • externally: most common where a high dose from a machine
  • Small amount of radiation is passed through plastic tube right to the site of cancer → tube is removed after
36
Q

How does chemo help treat lung cancer?

A
  • Use of drugs to kill cancer cells → taken by mouth or injected in body
  • Used for more advanced stages
  • Works by stopping/slowing down growth of cells that are dividing rapidly
  • However it can also harm healthy cells → often causes side effects like loss of hair nausea and mouth sores
37
Q

How does lung surgery help treat lung cancer?

A
  • Removing area of lung that contains tumors
  • If cancerous cells are successfully removed, person will be free of cancer
  • Some metastatic cell remain in body but cancer may spread again after
38
Q

What is laser surgery used for in treating lung cancer?

A
  • Using lasers to destroy lung tumors → reduce damage to lungs and minimizes scarring, speeds up healing process
  • energy heats the target cells until burst → seals blood vessels and reduce blood loss and swelling

Chemistry (16 decks)

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