Unit 4: Revolutions Flashcards
Glorious Revolution
Parliament replaced Stuart King James II with his daughter and her husband (from the Netherlands), William and Mary, and they signed the English Bill of Rights to become Europe’s first constitutional monarchs
French and Indian War
England defended the Thirteen Colonies; and Parliament subsequently taxed the colonists to pay for the war
Reasons the colonists resisted taxation during French and Indian War
1) They did not start the costly war
2) They did not have representation in Parliament (“no taxation without representation”)
Boston Massacre
British soldiers came into conflict with angry colonists and shot and killed five civilians
Boston Tea Party
Colonists (most smugglers dressed as Mohawk Indians) who were angered by the Tea Act and competition from abroad, boarded British merchant ships and dumped the tea into Boston Harbor
Thirteen Colonies were first to..
…break away from an empire (George III and the British Empire) and establish an enduring republic
Battle of Lexington and Concord
(“the shot heard ‘round the world”) started the American Revolution
Second Continental Congress
met in Philadelphia to write their grievances to King George III in an “Olive Branch” Petition
Declaration of Independence
after King George III did not resolve their problems, the second continental congress agreed to the Declaration of Independence
Battle of Saratoga
NY) Patriots won the turning-point and the Spanish, Dutch, and French (+Marquis de Lafayette) allied with them
Battle of Saratoga
NY) Patriots won the turning-point and the Spanish, Dutch, and French (+Marquis de Lafayette) allied with them
Battle of Yorktown
(VA) the patriots won the decisive battle of Yorktown
James Madison
wrote the Constitution that all 13 colonies-turned-states ratified
Congress
representative government in the US
Louis XIV & Louis XV
Louis XIV: “the Sun King” ; Louis XV: “after me, the flood”
-spent their money extravagantly on wars and luxuries, including the Palace at Versailles
Louis XVI
summoned the Estates General (for the first time in 175 years) to ask for a tax increase to pay down the national debt)
Third Estate
made up 98% of the population; “Bourgeoisie”; demanded greater representation in government from the First Estate (clergy) and Second Estate (nobles)
National Assembly
the first and second estate refused to cooperate with the third, so the third broke away and formed the National Assembly
French Revolution
the longest and bloodiest revolution of the era; agreed to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
storming of Bastille
started the French Revolution
two factions of revolutionaries
Jacobins in the cities and Girondists in the countryside
How many were executed by guillotine?
50,000 (most Catholics) including Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in Reign of Terror
George Danton
the leader of guillotine execution
Jean-Paul Marat
the propagandist of the guillotine execution
Maximilien Robespierre
the executioner of the guillotine execution
reforms enacted by Napoleon
equality under the law, religious toleration, right to choose professions
Napoleon’s major military mistake
tried to invade Russia; lost 90% if his army and was exiled to Elba
Waterloo
(in Belgium) Napoleon tried to return to power but the Duke of Wellington and the British army defeated the French army
Congress of Vienna
after the fall of Napoleon, European leaders met at the 1915 Congress of Vienna to preserve their power and prevent war
Concert of Europe
the century during which the European countries played relatively well together, lasted until WWI
Louis Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew who became the first president of France in 1848
Toussaint L’Overture
a slave who led a revolt in Haiti against the French
Miguel Hidalgo
a priest who led a revolt in Mexico against the Spanish
Simon Bolivar
a creole who led a revolt in South America against the Spanish
Camillo Cavour and Guiseppe Garibaldi
unified the Italian States
Otto von Bismarck
unified the German States
Emperor Meiji
replaced the Shogun (military leaders), reorganized the Japanese government, economy, military, and copied the best systems internationally to create another one of th strongest countries in the world
