Unit 2: Renaissance and Reformation Flashcards
Who defeated the Byzantines?
the Turks
Crusades
a series of wars waged by the Christians in England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire against the Muslims to regain control of the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem)
Sultan Mehmed II
conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul and converted Hagia Sophia from a church into a mosque
Reconquista
expulsion of the Moors (North Africans) from the Iberian Peninsula
Renaissance
a period of “rebirth” for Europeans; embraced the spirit of humanism & demonstrated their appreciation of Greco-Roman culture in their art and literature
humanism
valuing life on earth as much as the afterlife
Examples of Renaissance artwork & literature
Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, Raphael’s School of Athens, Donatello’s bronze David, Michelangelo’s marble David & ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and Leonardo DaVinci’s Last Supper, Mona Lisa, and Vitruvian Man; Bruni’s New Cicero & Petrarch’s Virgil
Where was the printing press invented and by whom?
Mainz, Germany by Johannes Gutenberg
Where was the printing press invented and by whom?
Mainz, Germany by Johannes Gutenberg
Florence, Italy
considered the birthplace and center of the Renaissance
Medici family of Florence
replaced the Hanseatic League of Germany as the most successful merchants & bankers in Europe. they were businessman, patrons of the arts, and leaders of their city-state & Roman Catholic Church; sponsored many artists (Brunelleschi & Galileo)
Savonarola
destroyed their “immoral” art and literature in “Bonfire of the Vanities”
Fuggers
replaced the Medici as the wealthiest bankers in Europe
Machiavelli
after Savonarola was executed, Machiavelli was a leader in the revived Florentine Republic for two decades; considered the founder of political science, and in his book The Prince he said, “the ends justify the means”
Martin Luther
German monk, cracked the foundation of Roman Catholic Church; posted his grievances (opposition to the sale of indulgences) in the form of the 90 Theses on the doors of Wittenberg Church; was excommunicated by Pope Leo X & convicted of heresy by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; spoke of “salvation by faith alone” & the Bible as the ultimate authority
Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony
provided a safe haven for Luther
What happened after the Council of Trent?
the Catholic Church burned books and fought against the spread of Protestantism with Jesuit evangelists
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
stopped the Turks from taking control of Vienna, but he could not stop Protestant denominations from emerging
John Calvin
established theocracy in Switzerland & later the Puritans that moved from England to Massachusetts had many Calvinists ideas
Tudor King Henry VIII of England
started the Anglican Church in 1534 to obtain a divorce from Catherine of Aragon and have a male heir
Children of Tudor King Henry VIII of England
Catholic “Bloody” Mary (who married Spanish King Philip II)
Protestant “Virgin Queen” Elizabeth I
Edward VI
Elizabeth I
restored England to Protestantism, defeated Philip II’s Spanish Armada, and supported the arts in the Golden Age including the work of Shakespeare
The Thirty Years’ War
the last of the wars of religion but Europe’s first continental war
Peace of Westphalia
the two sides in the thirty years’ war signed this with no winner
What did Holy Roman Empire disintegrate into
300 German States
