Unit 2: Renaissance and Reformation

Question 1

Who defeated the Byzantines?

Answer 1

the Turks

Question 2

Crusades

Answer 2

a series of wars waged by the Christians in England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire against the Muslims to regain control of the “Holy Land” (Jerusalem)

Question 3

Sultan Mehmed II

Answer 3

conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul and converted Hagia Sophia from a church into a mosque

Question 4

Reconquista

Answer 4

expulsion of the Moors (North Africans) from the Iberian Peninsula

Question 5

Renaissance

Answer 5

a period of “rebirth” for Europeans; embraced the spirit of humanism & demonstrated their appreciation of Greco-Roman culture in their art and literature

Question 6

humanism

Answer 6

valuing life on earth as much as the afterlife

Question 7

Examples of Renaissance artwork & literature

Answer 7

Botticelli’s Birth of Venus, Raphael’s School of Athens, Donatello’s bronze David, Michelangelo’s marble David & ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and Leonardo DaVinci’s Last Supper, Mona Lisa, and Vitruvian Man; Bruni’s New Cicero & Petrarch’s Virgil

Question 8

Where was the printing press invented and by whom?

Answer 8

Mainz, Germany by Johannes Gutenberg

Question 8

Where was the printing press invented and by whom?

Answer 8

Mainz, Germany by Johannes Gutenberg

Question 9

Florence, Italy

Answer 9

considered the birthplace and center of the Renaissance

Question 10

Medici family of Florence

Answer 10

replaced the Hanseatic League of Germany as the most successful merchants & bankers in Europe. they were businessman, patrons of the arts, and leaders of their city-state & Roman Catholic Church; sponsored many artists (Brunelleschi & Galileo)

Question 11

Savonarola

Answer 11

destroyed their “immoral” art and literature in “Bonfire of the Vanities”

Question 12

Fuggers

Answer 12

replaced the Medici as the wealthiest bankers in Europe

Question 13

Machiavelli

Answer 13

after Savonarola was executed, Machiavelli was a leader in the revived Florentine Republic for two decades; considered the founder of political science, and in his book The Prince he said, “the ends justify the means”

Question 14

Martin Luther

Answer 14

German monk, cracked the foundation of Roman Catholic Church; posted his grievances (opposition to the sale of indulgences) in the form of the 90 Theses on the doors of Wittenberg Church; was excommunicated by Pope Leo X & convicted of heresy by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V; spoke of “salvation by faith alone” & the Bible as the ultimate authority

Question 15

Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony

Answer 15

provided a safe haven for Luther

Question 16

What happened after the Council of Trent?

Answer 16

the Catholic Church burned books and fought against the spread of Protestantism with Jesuit evangelists

Question 17

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Answer 17

stopped the Turks from taking control of Vienna, but he could not stop Protestant denominations from emerging

Question 18

John Calvin

Answer 18

established theocracy in Switzerland & later the Puritans that moved from England to Massachusetts had many Calvinists ideas

Question 19

Tudor King Henry VIII of England

Answer 19

started the Anglican Church in 1534 to obtain a divorce from Catherine of Aragon and have a male heir

Question 20

Children of Tudor King Henry VIII of England

Answer 20

Catholic “Bloody” Mary (who married Spanish King Philip II)
Protestant “Virgin Queen” Elizabeth I
Edward VI

Question 21

Elizabeth I

Answer 21

restored England to Protestantism, defeated Philip II’s Spanish Armada, and supported the arts in the Golden Age including the work of Shakespeare

Question 22

The Thirty Years’ War

Answer 22

the last of the wars of religion but Europe’s first continental war

Question 23

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 23

the two sides in the thirty years’ war signed this with no winner

Question 24

What did Holy Roman Empire disintegrate into

Answer 24

300 German States