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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Unit 4: Practice Quiz > Flashcards

Unit 4: Practice Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 of the following are the major factors that determine and maintain the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

A

Movement of the cations out of the cell through leakage channels in the plasma membrane

ion gradients maintained by the sodium/potassium pump

anions trapped in the cytosol

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2
Q

Which one of the following numerals represents the cranial nerve that controls the muscles that regulate the aperture of the pupil and the shape of the lens?

A

3

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3
Q

Anatomically, the spinal cord can be divided into what number of spinal segments, each of which gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves?

A

31

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4
Q

Which one of the following nerves of the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

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5
Q

Which one of the following extrinsic eye muscles is supplied by the trochlear nerve?

A

superior oblique

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6
Q

The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve

A

true

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7
Q

Impulses for the sense of smell travel to the

A

olfactory bulbs

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8
Q

the cells responsible for the myelination of the PNS are the Schwann cells

A

true

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9
Q

The type of reflex that produces a reflex action on the opposite side of the body to where the stimulus was perceived

A

contralateral

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10
Q

Which of the following is not associated with the ventricles?

A

arachnoid villi

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11
Q

There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves

A

true

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12
Q

The function of the dural sinuses is to

A

drain blood from the brain

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13
Q

When the cell membrane reaches 30+mV, voltage-gated potassium channels open, leading to which phase?

A

Repolarization phase

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14
Q

Which of the following are involved in summation

A

Quick loss of intensity, graded potential travels along the plasma membrane, combination with another graded potential

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15
Q

Which of the following can be described as the resting membrane potential?

A

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane

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16
Q

The pupillary constrictor muscles are located in the

A

iris

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17
Q

The scientific name for nearsightedness is hyperopia

A

false

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18
Q

Accommodation of the eye is

A

the ability of the eye to focus on different objects

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19
Q

The equilibrium apparatus consists of the

A

vesstibule and semicircular canals

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20
Q

The fungiform papillae are innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

Facial

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21
Q

Which of the following are responsible for changing the diameter of the aperture of the pupil?

A

Iris

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22
Q

The vitreous body is composed of which of the following?

A

collagen and proteoclygans

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23
Q

The Vallate and Foliate papillae are innervated by which cranial nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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24
Q

Microglia cells play a protective role in the CNS removing cellular debris

A

true

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25
Q

Mechanoreceptors function to detect the sensation of touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

A

true

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26
Q

The scientific name of the ear drum is the tympanic membrane

A

true

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27
Q

the cones of the retina are sensitive to high levels and provide for color vision

A

true

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28
Q

What is the anatomical term for the nerve that divides to form the common fibular and tibial nerves?

A

Sciatic nerve

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29
Q

The brachial plexus is formed from the ventral roots of the spinal nerves emerging at which one of the following vertebral levels?

A

C5-T1

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30
Q

Which one of the following nerves is the sixth cranial nerve?

A

abducens nerve

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31
Q

What is the anatomical term used to describe a reflex where the reflex action occurs on the same side of the body that the stimulus was perceived?

A

Ipsilateral reflex

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32
Q

Which one of the following types of neuroglial cells are widespread throughout the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

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33
Q

The elevated portion of the cerebral cortex

A

gyri

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34
Q

The region of the diencephalon that acts as a major relay center for sensory stimuli

A

thalamus

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35
Q

The shallow grooves in the cortex of the cerebrum

A

sulci

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36
Q

The spaces within the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced

A

ventricles

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37
Q

The part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla

A

brain stem

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38
Q

The vascular network in a ventricle that forms cerebrospinal fluid

A

choroid plexus

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39
Q

The are in which cerebrospinal fluid collects before its return to the blood

A

subarachnoid space

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40
Q

The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum

A

cortex

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41
Q

A stroke is a situation in which blood clot blocks the flow of blood to an area of brain tissue

A

treu

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42
Q

The bridge of white tissue that connects one hemisphere to another

A

corpus callosum

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43
Q

main area of the brain involved with emotion and learning

A

limbic system

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44
Q

pair of oval masses of gray matter that form most of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

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45
Q

At what point does the relative refractory period begin/

A

Beginning at the end of the repolarization phase

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46
Q

What phase of the action potential is best characterized when the cell membrane hits a threshold potential of about -55mV and activation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels open quickly?

A

Depolarization

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47
Q

What is the function of type A fibers?

A

conduct sensory information associated with pressure, conduct sensory information associated with proprioception, conduct sensory information associated with touch

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48
Q

Thin, transparent film that covers the inside of the eyelids

A

conjunctiva

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49
Q

Another name for the blind spot, the region where the optic nerve connects with the eye

A

Optic disk

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50
Q

The area of the retina where the vision is most accurate

A

fovea centralis

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51
Q

part of the eye that supports the lens and the iris, well as adjusts the curvature of the lens

A

ciliary body

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52
Q

the transparent elliptical structure held behind the aperture of the pupil and refracts light to a focal point on the retina

A

lens

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53
Q

the central opening in the iris

A

pupil

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54
Q

the equilibrium consists of the

A

vestibule and semicircular canals

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55
Q

The middle ossicle of the ear is the incus

A

true

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56
Q

which of the following receives olfactory nerve fibers and contains glomeruli?

A

olfactory bulbs

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57
Q

Which papillae are the largest on the tongue?

A

Vallate

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58
Q

Which of the following layers of the eye functions to bend light towards the pupil and limits the amount of light that enters the eye?

59
Q

What is the arterial supply of the choroid?

A

ciliary arteries

60
Q

Which layer of the eye is responsible for draining excess fluid from the posterior cavity of the eye?

61
Q

Oligodendrocytes play a protective role in CNS removing cellular debris

62
Q

The hippocampus, amaydala, and cingulate gyrus are all considered part of which one of the following?

A

limbic system

63
Q

What is the term for the single process that arises from the hillock of the cell body of the neuron and terminates at a synapse?

64
Q

Which one of the following cranial nerves leaves the head and neck region to innervate much of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

65
Q

The smallest part of the brainstem and is responsible for the visual and gustatory response

66
Q

The content of the dural sinuses is

67
Q

This term describes a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

68
Q

All of the following are examples of neuroglia except

69
Q

The femoral nerve is the largest nerve of the lumbar plexus

70
Q

What phase of the action potential is best characterized when the cell membrane hits a threshold potential of about … and activation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels open quickly?

A

Depolarization phase

71
Q

The phenomenon of an action potential that occurs fully when a stimulus is strong enough to elicit a response can be best described as?

A

All or nothing

72
Q

A short-lived local change in membrane potential that makes the plasma membrane less polarized is which of the following?

A

depolarizing graded potential

73
Q

Rhodopsin is the photopigment inlocated in the rod cells.

74
Q

A term associated with tears

75
Q

the fluid that fills the space anterior to the lens

A

aqueous humor

76
Q

The structure responsible for sounds transduction

A

organ corti

77
Q

What are the following ways in which gustatory transduction occurs?

A

Depolarization of gustatory receptor, direct passage, use of secondary messengers

78
Q

Which layer of the eye is responsible for draining excess fluid from the posterior cavity of the eye?

79
Q

Which area of the eye is responsible for draining aqueous humor?

A

Scleral venous sinus

80
Q

What are the functions of the ciliary body?

A

Support the iris., adjust curvature of the lens, support the lens

81
Q

What component of the brain is responsible for enabling us to remember smells as well as bring back memories associated with the smell?

A

Limbic system

82
Q

The sympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and stimulates digestion

83
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers emerge from the spinal cord at which one of the following vertebral levels?

84
Q

Which one of the following terms best describes the adding together of postsynaptic potentials generated in quick succession at the same location to produce a stronger postsynaptic potential?

A

temporal summation

85
Q

Which one of the following cranial nerves conveys general sensory information from the majority of the face to the brain?

A

trigeminal nerve

86
Q

The visual area of the cerebral cortex is in the occipital lobe

87
Q

The hippocampus and reticular formation are part of the

A

limbic system

88
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the ‘fight or flight’ response

89
Q

The stapes is in contact with the oval window of the ear

90
Q

thermoreceptors detect tasants

91
Q

all of the following are a form of lingual papillae except

A

mallate papillae

92
Q

Which of the following best describes the process in which a few molecules of an odorant need to be present to initiate a response?

93
Q

Which neural layer of the eye is responsible for containing only cone photoreceptors?

A

macula lutea

94
Q

Mechanoreceptors detect chemical changes on the skin

95
Q

What is the anatomical term for the collection of nerve roots arising from the lumbosacral spinal cord that fill the vertebral canal caudal to the termination of the spinal cord? (two words)

A

Cauda equina

96
Q

Nuclei in which one of the following brain regions are the major regulators of autonomic tone?

A

Hypothalumus

97
Q

Which one of the following best describes the nerves conveying preganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

Cranial nerve 3, 7, 9, and 10; spinal nerves from vertebral levels S1-S3

98
Q

Which of the following substances readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier?

A

Alcohol, oxygen, carbon dioxide

99
Q

the nervous plexus that arises from C1-C4 vertebrae is called the

A

cervical plexus

100
Q

the portion of the ventricular system this is contained within the midbrain portion of the CNS is the

A

cerebral aqueduct

101
Q

The formation of graded potentials and actions potentials is dependent upon the existence of which of the following?

A

resting membrane potential and presence of many ion channels

102
Q

The organ of Corti is the receptor for

103
Q

The fungiform papillae are innervated by which cranial nerve?

104
Q

Which of the following layers of the eye functions to bend light towards the pupil and limits the amount of light that enters the eye?

105
Q

The olfactory tract contains axons from the olfactory bulb and sends signals to which of the following?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system

106
Q

the central sulcus divides the cerebrum into left an right hemispheres

107
Q

The aqueous humor is a transparent jelly that fills the posterior cavity of the eye

108
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves leave the cranium via the jugular foramen?

A

Vagus nerve, accessory nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve

109
Q

The pons is the middle portion of the brain stem

110
Q

Which is not a component of the central nervous system?

A

spinal nerve

111
Q

The portion of the CNS that receives most of the sensory info from the surface of the body is the

A

parietal lobe

112
Q

Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS are called

113
Q

A short-lived local change in membrane potential that makes the plasma membrane less polarized is which of the following?

A

Depolarizing graded potential

114
Q

The odor threshold does not exist and you can not become accustomed to a smell over time

115
Q

The passageway that connects the middle ear cavity with the throat

A

eustachian tube

116
Q

the fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear.

117
Q

The scientific name for eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

118
Q

The membrane covered space that conducts sound waves from the stapes to the fluid of the inner ear

A

oval window

119
Q

This connects the inner ear with the middle ear and supports the membranous saccule and utricle within it

120
Q

The fluid of the inner ear contained with the bony labyrinth and surrounding the membranous labyrinth

121
Q

The ossicle of the ear that is in contact with the tympanic membrane is the

122
Q

Which area of the eye is responsible for draining aqueous humor?

A

Scleral venous sinus

123
Q

Which of the following answer choices identifies the tunics of the eye?

A

Neural, vascular, and fibrous

124
Q

The corpus callosum prevents the passage of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood to the brain

125
Q

The stapes bone attaches to the oval window

126
Q

One of the following is the major descending tract involved in relaying info from the cerebral cortex of the brain to skeletal muscle controlling voluntary movement?

A

Corticospinal tract

127
Q

Which one of the cranial nerves conveys sensory information from the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus to the brain?

128
Q

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers?

A

Acetylcholine

129
Q

The autonomic nervous system is controlled by the

A

hypothalamus

130
Q

Sound waves leave the inner ear by way of round window

131
Q

With respect to the neural tunica, which neural layer contains photoreceptors?

132
Q

The G protein coupled receptor mechanism for taste is associated with which of the following tastants?

A

sweet, bitter, umami

133
Q

The process in which chemical stimulus is converted into a neural signal that can be interpreted by the brain is known as

A

olfactory transduction

134
Q

The fililorm papillae are the largest of the taste buds and are usually arranged in an inverted v-shape at the back of the tongue

135
Q

The visual information from each eye travels back towards the brain through the optic chiasma

136
Q

The valate papillae are small, conical taste buds located over most of the dorsal surface of the tongue

137
Q

Receptor that responds to painful stimuli belong to which one of the following categories?

A

nociceptors

138
Q

Which of the following describe events in the postsynaptic neuron at an inhibitory synapse?

A

large chloride influx

reduced likelihood of an action potential

post synaptic neuron hyperpolarizes

139
Q

perilymph fills the membrane labyrinth of the inner ear

140
Q

Which of the following receives and processes olfactory information directly from the olfactory bullbs?

A

primary olfactory cortex

141
Q

Which two of the following reflexes might you expect to be initiated if you accidentally trod on a sharp pebble while barefoot?

A

Extensor and flexor reflex

142
Q

WHich one of the following regions is most closely associated with the primary sensory cortex?

A

POSTCENTRAL GYRUS

143
Q

Sound waves that enter the cochlea travel first through the tympanic duct

144
Q

All visual information crosses to the opposite side at the optic chiasma

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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