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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Unit 1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-Flexible membrane; Barrier between intracellular fluid (inside cell) and extracellular (outside) fluid.
-Not fixed or rigid. Freeseway, rotate and move laterally; fluid.
^ composition of lipids and amount of cholesterol present
“fluid mosaic model” - phospholipids, cholesterol, protein, and carbohydrates.

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2
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Permanently attached to the membrane via stabilizing hydrophobic interactions. Most integral proteins span the entire width of the membrane and are thus called transmembrane proteins. Integral proteins can only be removed from the membrane by introducing a non-polar solution or a detergent. This is because the detergent can interact with the hydrophobic regions of the membrane, thereby displacing the proteins.

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3
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Can readily dissociate from the membrane of the cell. Peripheral proteins are held together by hydrogen bonds or electrostatic attractions between the polar heads and the polar regions of the proteins. Peripheral proteins can also attach (on either side of the membrane) onto the polar regions of integral proteins. Adding a salt solution or changing the pH can disrupt these bonds and dissociate peripheral proteins.

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4
Q

Rate of Diffusion Factors

A 
Temperature: higher = faster
Surface Area: Larger = faster
Concentration Gradient: Higher = faster
Size of Particles: Smaller = faster
Diffusion Medium:
-Solid = Slowest
-Liquid = Faster
-Gas = Fastest
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5
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of small or lipophilic molecules (ex. O2, CO2, etc.)

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6
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water molecules (dependent on solute concentrations)

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7
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins (e.g. ions, sucrose, etc.)

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8
Q

Tonicity

A

The measure of the difference in the osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration of solutes and solvent

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10
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solute and less solvent

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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

Fewer solutes and more solvent

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12
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Hydrolysis of ATP powers diffusion

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13
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Use of exchange pump and uses energy stored in the concentration gradient of ions

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14
Q

Symport System

A

Secondary active transport; two substances move across a membrane in the same direction (aka cotransport)

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15
Q

Antiport System

A

Secondary active transport; two substances move across a membrane in opposite directions (aka countertransport)

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16
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

(transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes) – is another form of active transport, where ATP is required to move larger substances into and out of a cell.

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17
Q

3 Main Types of Vesicular Transport

A

Endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis.

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18
Q

Types of Endocytosis

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis

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19
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

begins when receptors on a cell’s surface bind specific substances, triggering the plasma membrane to form a vesicle around them, drawing them into the cell

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20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans (Steps: recognition, engulfment, digestion, expulsion)

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21
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cell drinking”; The movement of liquid through the membrane of a cell whereas phagocytosis is the movement of solids.

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22
Q

Explain how phagocytosis and pinocytosis are similar and different

A

Similarities:
Both are forms of active transport, forms of endocytosis, involve the folding of the plasma membrane, bring materials into the cell.
Different:
Phagocytosis is bringing in large particles/cells
Pinocytosis is bringing in fluids and dissolved substances.

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23
Q

Exocytosis

A

the active movement of substances out of a cell in membrane-bound vesicles.

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24
Q

Transcytosis

A

the active movement of substances into one side of a cell via endocytosis, across the cell, and then out from the other side by exocytosis

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25
Q

Cytosol

A

The gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

Structure of nucleus: nuclear pore

A

The space in between the nuclear envelope

27
Q

Chromatin

A

Spirals filled with dna in the cytoplasm

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

Center of nucleus

29
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Cytoplasm in the nucleus

30
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus membrane

31
Q

Which cells in the body do not have a nucleus and how is it affected?

A

Red blood cells; they do not have the necessary codes and instructions for the synthesis of new protein essential for reproduction and regeneration. As a result they have short life cycles

32
Q

Cell division in prokaryotes

A

Responsible for new cells through binary fission
Occurs through binary fission
3 stages of dna: replication, segregation, and separation
DNA replication occurs inside the cytoplasm
A relatively simple process
A type of asexual reproduction

33
Q

Cell division of eukaryotic cells

A

Process responsible for the production of new cells either the through mitosis or meiosis
Occurs through meiosis and mitosis
Two states of nuclear division and cytokinesis
DNA replication occurs inside the nucleus
A complex process
A type of vegetative and sexual reproduction

34
Q

Somatic cells

A

All body cells except the reproductive cells; two copies of each chromosome; diploid; humans have 46 numbers of diploid

35
Q

Reproductive/sex cells

A

Haploid; one copy of each chromosome

36
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A

Interphase and miotic phase

37
Q

Interphase

A

The cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA. Consists of G1, S, and G2

38
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

Separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells.
Two processes: mitosis-the division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis-there division of the cytoplasm

39
Q

G1

A

Cell growth and accumulates essential protein as DNA building block. Prepares for division by duplicating many of its organelles and synthesizing proteins.

40
Q

S

A

Synthesis of DNA; cell start replicates chromosomal DNA. Result in pairs of chromatid of centrometric region. DNA Replication occurs.

41
Q

G2

A

Final preparation for mitosis phase. Cell provide energy (ATP) and synthesize essential protein.

  • Replication of organelles completed.
  • Synthesis of cytosolic components completed.
  • Centrosome replication completed.
  • Protein synthesis.
  • Energy production for cell division.
42
Q

Mitosis phases

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

43
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Occurs midway through the end of telophase when the cytoplasm has divided fully.
In animals: this phase is , pinching the cell in two like a coin purse with a
drawstring. The “drawstring” is a band of filaments made of a protein called actin, and
the pinch crease is known as the cleavage furrow
In plant cells: cells can’t be divided like this because they have a cell wall and are too stiff.
Instead, a structure called the cell plate forms down the middle of the cell, splitting it
into two daughter cells separated by a new wall.

44
Q

Gonads

A

Ovaries and testies

45
Q

describe cell division

A

Reproductive cell division only occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes). It is the process by
which gametes are formed from a germ cell.

46
Q

Two stages of meiosis

A

Interphase
Meiosis 1 : prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1; segregation-homologous pairs are separated reducing chromosome number by half.
Meiosis 2: prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2; sister chromatids are separated producing four haploid.

47
Q

Epithelial cell

A

Somatic cell; tissue forms many linings and coverings in the body. Cells have many functions, including acting as a protective surface, secretory surface, or as an absorptive surface, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the body. Cells vary in shape depending on their function and location.

48
Q

Blood Cells: Red blood Cells

A

Somatic cell; erythrocytes are the most common type of blood cell. They bind oxygen in the lungs, and carry it to tissues throughout the body, where it is exchanged for the waste product carbon dioxide.

49
Q

Blood Cells: White Blood Cells

A

Somatic cells; leukocytes function by identifying, capturing, and eliminating invading pathogens, or foreign particles. Ex. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

50
Q

Bone Cell (Osteoblasts)

A

Somatic cell; bone-producing cells present in bone marrow and other connective tissues. They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers, and other organic components, which are used to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue and initiate calcification.

51
Q

Fibroblast Cells

A

Somatic cell; large, flat, branching support cells present in most connective tissue. They secrete fibers including collagen, and some of the ground substance component of the extracellular matrix. These are used to provide the structural framework for tissues. They also play in important part in skin wound healing.

52
Q

Skeletal Muscle Cells

A

Somatic cell; found attached to the skeleton via tendons, or through a connective tissue sheet called an aponeurosis. It is under voluntary control and is able to contract, respond to stimulation from the nervous system, stretch beyond its normal resting length, and revert to its original resting length.

53
Q

Smooth Muscle Cell

A

Somatic cell; found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and the intrinsic (internal) muscles of the eye. This muscle tissue tissue is involuntary. It helps to propel and expel liquid within and from the body, allows peristalsis that aids in digestion, and helps to regulate the diameter of blood vessels.

54
Q

Nerve Cell

A

Somatic cell; neurons are the main functional cells of the nervous system. They have long extensions that are sensitive to external stimuli, allowing them to respond to, and communicate information through, electrical and chemical signals.

55
Q

Sperm Cell

A

Germ cell; Found in the male, approximately 300 million spermatozoa or sperm cells are made in the testes per day.

56
Q

Ovum

A

Germ cell; approximately one oocyte, or immature gamete, is released from the ovary each month during the ovulation process. During the course of each month, the oocyte will travel down the uterine tube until it encounters a sperm cell. If a sperm cell enters the oocyte, fertilization occurs. At this stage, the oocyte is now called an ovum. Within minutes, the sperm and ovum nuclei fuse to form a zygote.

57
Q

Functions of the Cell

A

Protection and support, communication, energy production, movement, inheritance, transport.

58
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane begins to disappear, DNA begins to condense and become visible, centrioles form and begin to form the spindle

59
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes are led by the mitotic spindle to line up along the metaphase plate, which lies across the midline of the cell.

60
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers contract pulling sister chromatids apart. After chromatids are separated they are moved to opposite ends of cell.

61
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms, nucleolus reappears, chromosomes uncoil back into chromatin.

Microtubules, extending from pole to pole and not attached to a kinetochore, lengthen, elongating the cell in preparation for cytokinesis.

Once the cell has split in two, the microtubules of the mitotic spindle break up.

Towards the end of mitosis, cytoplasmic division, known as cytokinesis, occurs. Together, mitosis and cytokinesis result in two daughter cells, each containing a complete set of the chromosomes.

62
Q

Cyclin

A

a family of regulatory proteins that vary in concentration throughout the cell cycle. In general, the levels of cyclins rise throughout the cell cycle, but decrease rapidly towards the end of mitosis.

binds to the active site on the enzyme CDK. The formation of this complex causes and increase in CDK activity, which drives the cell cycle.

63
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinase

A

a family of enzymes maintained at a constant level of concentration throughout the cell cycle.

the active site of the CDK enzyme becomes only partially active. For complete activation to occur, CDK catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP, to a specific protein at different stages of the cell cycle.

64
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in the nucleus; DNA is used as a template to generate complementary sequences. These sequences are used in translation

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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